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LEX RUSSICA (РУССКИЙ ЗАКОН)
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Скачков Н.Г. Коллизионные вопросы морских перевозок опасных грузов

Аннотация: Возмещение убытков и расходов страхователей из несостоявшейся морской перевозки опасных грузов осложняется иностранным элементом в правоотношениях. Методология выбора права, подлежащего применению, непредсказуема и изобилует многообразием детализирующих факторов. Целостность обязательственного статута определяется не отсылкой к правопорядку базового контракта, а правом той страны, где состоялась передача груза перевозчику. Тогда факторы объема груза, места погрузки, размера фрахта превращаются в конкретизирующие категории. Ни одна из формул прикрепления не показала оптимальной эффективности, если залогом предотвращения страхового случая является безопасная эксплуатация судов. Ставка страховой суммы может достичь масштаба, превышающего стоимость фрахта и самого судна. На этом фоне, выбор личного закона страхователя затруднен, а материальное право занимается распределением потерь между стоимостью проблемной грузовой партии и затраченным фрахтом. Отсюда любой правопорядок уязвим, тем более, если расходы от сущностных условий перевозки понесены во спасение груза. Деликтному обязательству предстоит учитывать эклектику самостоятельного коллизионного решения, чтобы обеспечить тарифную ставку чистой нетто-премии. Не меньшей популярностью будет пользоваться и правопорядок той страны, где судно подверглось регистрации, что упрочнит нестойкую взаимосвязь между последовавшими событиями и фактически оплаченными расходами.


Ключевые слова:

морские перевозки, опасные грузы, страхование, правопорядок, коллизии, деликты, котировка рисков, общая авария, страховой случай, страховое покрытие

Abstract: The article concerns the norms of Russian law of late XV – early XVI centuries on definition and forms of manifestation of treason against the Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia. The author analyzes the texts of the treaties among the Princes and the cross-kissing writs. Special attention is paid to the obligations, the failure to fulfill which was regarded as treason against the Sovereign Ruler of all the Russia”. It is noted that the treaties provided for the following obligations “not to be friends and not to correspond with the enemies of the Sovereign Ruler”, wish him good, “not to gather and compromise” with anyone “for harm” to the Ruler, to inform the Ruler on everything concerning him “for bad or for good”, to follow the land rights of the Grand Prince, not to offend, not to limit by any trickery. The cross-kissing writs also provide for the obligations not to immigrate, to serve the Prince, the Princess and their children for truth without any trickery, not to think or do any evil to them, and to inform the Ruler of any coming threat. The general conditions for all of the forms of treason was the matter characterizing the method of committing the crime, which was the failure to fulfill the obligations taken under oath and abuse of trust as well as violation of the oath. Violation of obligations to the sovereign of all the Russia given with the cross-kissing oath in the early XVI century was regarded as more than just treason against a specific Prince, but rather a treason against the entire Moscow state, as personified by the Grand Prince, and such a treason was condemned by the church.


Keywords:

history of law, the Grand Princedom of Moscow, the Sovereign Ruler of all the Russia, the treaties among the Princes, the cross-kissing writes, the religious oath, treason against the sovereign ruler, bail writs, condemnation writ, treason cases.


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Библиография
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4. Wojciech Sadurski. Commutative, distributive and procedural justice-what does it mean, what does it matter? // The University of Sudney. Sudney Law Scholl. Legal Studies Research Paper N 2005-34. R. 6, 9-11.
5. Dan Markel. Retributive damages: A theory of punitive damages as intermediate sanction // Cornell Law Review. 2009. Vol. 94. P. 245.
6. Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 128. S. Ct. 2605, 2621 (2008).
7. International Maritime Organization (IMO). MSC.155(78) in May 2004,entry into force on 1 July 2006. SAR CONVENTION, London. 2006 Edition.
8. International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Convention On Salvage, London, 1989. Hansell D.S. Introduction to Insurance. London, 1996. P. 31-32.
9. Simeonides S.C. Louisiana`s new law of choice of law for tort conflicts: an exegesis.// Tulane Law Review. 1992. Volume 66. N 4. P. 694.
10. COMITE MARITIME INTERNATIONAL( CMI) Yearbook 2010 ANNUAIRE. Antwerpen, Belgium P.499.
11. Nicholas J. Healy, Joseph C Sweeney. The Law of Marine Collision //Cornell Maritime Press Inc.,U.S. 2010. P. 624
12. Graydon S. Staring .A MODERN MANSFIELDIAN JURY: The Global Reinsurance Roundtable on Model Wordings. 2006.// SelectedWorks of Graydon S. Staring England. June 2007
13. FRANCESCO BERLINGIERI. Analysis of the so-called MontevideoDeclaration,. COMITE MARITIME INTERNATIONAL.( CMI) Yearbook 2010 ANNUAIRE. Antwerpen, Belgium P.p176-192
14. Tetley W. International Conflict of Laws. Common, Civil and Maritime, Int'l Shipping Publication Blais, Montreal. 1994. R. 75-76.
15. Nicholas J. Healy, Joseph C Sweeney. The Law of Marine Collision. // Cornell Maritime Press Inc.,U.S. 2010. R.640
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19. International Maritime Organization (IMO). INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS (FSS) (2007 Edition), entry into force on 1 July 2010.London.R. 351 . IMO. MSC 90/28/Add.1 MSC.206 (81) and MSC.217 (82), R. 365
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22. Camille Goodman. THE REGIME FOR FLAG STATE RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES LAW – EFFECTIVE FACT, CREATIVE FICTION, OR FURTHER WORK REQUIRED? // Report of the Expert Workshop on Flag State Responsibilities 2009. Canada.P.157-169.
23. International Maritime Organization (IMO). COLREG.2/Circ.61. London , 1 June 2010. P.25.
24. International Maritime Organization (IMO). COLREG.2/Circ.64. London, 4 December 2012. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) TD/B/C. 4/209.1980.. Geneva .P.3 . UNCTAD TD/B/C. 4/220.1981. Geneva, P.111.
25. International Maritime Organization (IMO). LEG/MISC.6 . IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION. London. 10 September 2008.P.49.
26. International Maritime Organization (IMO). LEG/MISC.7 . IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION. London. 19 January 2012 .P.71
27. Rhea Rogers. Ship Registration: a Critical Analysis // Maritime Law and Policy. Malmö, Sweden. 2010. P.9