Рус Eng Cn Перевести страницу на:  
Nota Bene. Books, journals, publishing technologies.
Please select your language to translate the article


You can just close the window to don't translate ☒
Библиотека
 ваш профиль
Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC Статья опубликована с лицензией Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) – Лицензия «С указанием авторства – Некоммерческая».
Вернуться к содержанию

Право и политика
Правильная ссылка на статью:

Шугуров М.В. Вопросы защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности на передаваемые технологии в многосторонних экологических соглашениях

Аннотация: Предметом данного исследования является анализ регулирования защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в международных соглашениях, а также документах политико-правового характера, относящихся к сфере международного экологического права, являющегося ныне составной частью так называемого международного права устойчивого развития. Автор подробно рассматривает дискуссионные вопросы, связанные с современным пониманием воздействия защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности, особенно патентных прав, на международную передачу и диффузию технологий, преимущественно "зеленых" технологий. Особое внимание уделяется анализу регулирования защиты исключительных прав на передаваемые технологии в рамках рио-де-жанейрских конвенций, а также аналогичным вопросам на уровне источников "мягкого" международного права в сфере устойчивого развития. Повышенное значение придается изучению позиций развитых и развивающихся государств по вопросу характера и необходимого уровня защиты патентных прав в процессе осуществления международной передачи технологий, которая нацелена главным образом на содействие развивающимся странам в формировании их собственного научно-технологического и инновационного потенциала. Помимо этого автор специально останавливается на вопросах воздействия положений Соглашения ТРИПС и положений ТРИПС-плюс на перспективы передачи технологий в целях перехода к устойчивому развитию. В качестве основного метода исследования автор использовал сравнительно-правовой метод, нацеленный на сопоставление позиций и подходов развитых и развивающихся государств к значению защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности для международного трансфера технологий. Помимо этого был использован системный метод, позволивший рассмотреть трансфер технологий в качестве международно-правового института, обладающего целым рядом аспектов, среди которых в последнее время наибольшей дискуссионностью стал обладать аспект защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности. В целях понимания масштаба вопроса исследованию подверглись не только положения "твердого", но и "мягкого международного экологического права. Основными выводами проведенного исследования выступает признание двойственного воздействия защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности на достижение целей международной передачи технологий. Особым вкладом автора в исследование темы является системный анализ положений экологических конвенций с точки зрения их пересечения с положениями международного права интеллектуальной собственности. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что позитивное воздействие защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности на передачу технологий в мировых масштабах, являющихся инструментом мирового развития, выступает необходимое согласование позиций разных групп государств.


Ключевые слова:

устойчивое развитие, международный трансфер технологий, развивающиеся страны, патентное право, международное экологическое право, зеленые технологии, исключительные права, создание потенциала, Соглашение ТРИПС, биотехнология

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of the regulation of protection of intellectual property rights within international treaties and political legal documents pertaining to international environmental law, which is currently the component of the so-called international law for sustainable development. The author examines the debatable issues associated with the modern understanding of the effects of protection of intellectual rights, especially patent laws for international transfer and diffusion of technologies, especially “green” technologies. A special attention is given to the analysis of regulation of protection of exclusive rights for transferable technologies within the framework of the Rio de Janeiro conventions, as well as the similar issues at the level of “soft” international law in the area of sustainable development. A focus is made on the study of the positions of developed and developing countries on the issue of nature and the necessary level of protection of patent rights in the process of international transfer of technologies, which is mainly aimed at aiding developing countries in forming their own scientific-technological and innovational potential. The author’s contribution into the research of this topic is the systemic analysis of the position of environmental conventions from the perspective of their collisions with the positions of international law on intellectual property. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research is the acknowledgement of the dual effect of the protection of intellectual property rights upon the achievement of the goals of international transfer of technologies.

Keywords:

green technologies, international environmental law, patent law, developing countries, international technology transfer, sustainable development, exclusive rights, capacity building, TRIPS Agreement, biotechnology


Эта статья может быть бесплатно загружена в формате PDF для чтения. Обращаем ваше внимание на необходимость соблюдения авторских прав, указания библиографической ссылки на статью при цитировании.

Скачать статью

Библиография
1. Шугуров М.В. Международно-правовое регулирование передачи
2. технологий в целях развития // Право и политика. - 2013. - 8. - C. 1032 - 1046. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.8.9066.
3. Шевердин А.В. Правовое регулирование биотехнологий
4. международным правом
5. и российским законодательством // Журнал зарубежного законодательства и сравнительного правоведения / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law. - 2013. - 1. - C. 154 - 164.
6. Roffe, P. and T. Tesfachew (2001). The Unfinished Agenda. In: Patel, S.J., Roffe P. and A.A. Yusef (eds.). International technology transfer: the origins and aftermath of the United Nations negotiations on Draft Code of Conduct, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands, Pages: 468.
7. Шугуров М.В. Воздействие современного НТП на международно-правовое регулирование передачи технологий в целях устойчивого развития // Международное право. - 2015. - 2. - C. 53 - 90. DOI: 10.7256/2306-9899.2015.2.14771. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/wl/article_14771.html
8. Shugurov, M.V. (2015). Perspectives of international technology transfer in the TRIPS-plus era: problems and solutions. In: European Journal of Social and Human Sciences. Vol. 5(1): 48 – 57.
9. UNCTAD-ICTSD, (2000). Project on Intellectual property rights and sustainable development, Geneva. Available at http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/Intellectual%Property/IPRs-and-Sustainable-Development.asp
10. Foray, D. (2009). Technology transfer in the TRIPS Age: the need for new types of partnerships between the least developed and most advanced economies. ICTSD, Issue paper No. 23, Geneva, Pages: 75. Available at http://www.ictsd.org/themes/intellectual-properties/technology-transfer-in-the-trips-age-the-need-for-new-types-of.
11. Vivas-Euqui, D. and M.J. Oliva (2010). Biodiversity related intellectual provisions in Free Trade Agreements, ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 4, Pages: 39. Available at http://www.ictsd.org/downloads/2011/12/biodiversity_related-intellectual-property-provisions-in-free-trade-agreements.pdf.
12. Roffe, P. (2007). Intellectual property, bilateral agreements and sustainable development. The Challenges of Implementations, The Center for International Environment Law, Canada, pp. 6-15. Available at http://www.ciel.org/Publications/FTA_ImplementationPub_Jan07.pdf.
13. Knor, M. (2011). Climate Change, Technology and IPRs. In: Technological cooperation and climate change issues and perspectives. Working papers presented at the Ministry of environmental and forests, Government of India-UNDP Consultation on Technology Cooperation for Addressing Climate Change, 23-24 September, 2011 New Deli, India, Pages: 136.
14. Barton, J.H. (2007). New trends in technology transfer. Implications for national and international policy, ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 18, Geneva, Pages: 54. Available at http://www.ictsd.org/themes/innovation-and-ip/research-new-trend-in-transfer-implications-for-national-and-international-policy.
15. Bennet, D. (2002). Innovative Technology Transfer Framework Linked to Trade for UNIDO Action, Vienna, Pages: 64. Available at http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/userfiles/hartmany/wssd_tech_transfer.pdf.
16. WIPO. Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP). (Ninth Session, Geneva, May 7 to 11, 2012). Revised Project Paper for the Project on Intellectual Property and Technology transfer Common Challenges-Building Solutions (Recommendations 19, 25, 26 and 28), para 22 of CDIP/9/INF/4 (March 13, 2012). Available at http://www.wipo.int/meeting/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=25013.
17. UNCTAD, (2010). Foreign direct investment, the transfer and diffusion of technology, and sustainable development. Td/B/c.II/EM.2/2, 8 December, 2010. Available at http://unctad.org/en/docs/ciiem2d2_en.pdf.
18. Puustjärvi, E. et al., (2003). Transfer of environmentally sound technologies from developed countries to developing countries: background document for the Ad Hoc Expert Group on finance and environmentally sound technologies. The Secretariat of the United Nations Forum on forests, INDUFOR, Helsinki, Finland, Pages: 79. Available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.361.9646.
19. Tébar Less, T.C. and S. McMillan (2005). Achieving the successful transfer of environmentally sound technologies: trade-related aspects, OECD Trade and Environmental Working Paper No. 2005-02, Paris, France, Pages: 37. Available at http://www.oecd.org/tad/envtrade/35837552.pdf.
20. Verhoosel, G. (1997). International transfer of environmentally sound technology: the new dimension of an old stumbling block. In: Environmental Policy and Law, IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 27(6): 470-487.
21. WIPO. Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP). (Ninth Session, Geneva May 7 to 11, 2012). Revised Project Paper for the Project on Intellectual Property and Technology transfer Common Challenges-Building Solutions (Recommendations 19, 25, 26 and 28), para 22 of CDIP/9/INF/4 (March 13, 2012). Available at http://www.wipo.int/meeting/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=25013.
22. Alberts, C.M. (1992). Technology transfer and its role in international environmental law: a structural dilemma. In: Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, William S. Hein & Co., Inc., New York, Vol. 6(1): 63-84.
23. Итоговый документ конференции ООН РИО+20 «Будущее, которого мы хотим» 2012 г. // A/RES/66/288 от 27 июля 2012 г. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/476/10/PDF/N1147612.pdf?OpenElement.
24. Presentation of Constanza Martinez «The Use of IP Rights in the Transfer of technologies under Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) at the WIPO Symposium on Patent landscaping and Transfer of Technology under Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs)», August 26, 2008, Geneva. Available at http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2008/lifesciences/ip_Iss2_ge/
25. Итоговый документ Всемирного саммита 2005 г. // A/RES/60/1 от 16 сентября 2005 г. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/487/60/PDF/N0548760.pdf?OpenElement.
26. Итоговый документ пленарного заседания высокого уровня по целям в области развития, сформулированных в Декларации Тысячелетия. «Выполнение обещания: объединение во имя достижения целей в области развития» // A/RES/65/1 от 22 сентября 2010 г. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/512/60/PDF/N1051260.pdf?OpenElement.
27. Copenhagen Accord (18 December 2009) // FCCC. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteen session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two. Action taken by the Conference of the parties at its fifteenth session. Decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Decision 2/CP.15. FCCC/CP/2009/11/Ad.1 (30 March 2010), pp. 5-7. Available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf .
28. Sanusi, Z.A. (2005). Technology transfer under Multilateral Environmental Agreements analyzing the synergies. UNU-IAS Working paper No. 134, Pages: 39. Available at http://www.ipce-wg2.gov/njlite_download.php?id=7029.
29. Hoffman, U. (1999). An analysis of effective operationalization of provisions on transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries in Multilateral Environmental Agreements, pursuant to Agenda 21. UNCTAD draft discussion paper, Geneva. Available at http://r0.unctad.org/trade_env/docs/tot-unct.pdf.
30. WIPO (2008). Report on the international patent system prepared by the Secretariat, para 101, Geneva, Pages:
31. Available at http://www.gtwassociates.com/alerts/WIPOTechnologyDiffusionandthePatentSyste.pdf. 10. Shepherd, J. (2007). The future of technological transfer under Multilateral Environmental Agreements. 37 ELR 10548. Environmental Law Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Available at http://elr.info/sites/default/files/articles/37.10547.pdf.
32. Roffe, P. (2005). Comment I: Technology Transfer on the International Agenda. In: Maksus, K. and J. Reichman (eds.). International Public Goods and Transfer of Technology Under A Globalized Intellectual Property Regime, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 257 – 281.
33. Mansfield, E. (1993). Unauthorized use of intellectual property: Effects on investment, technology transfer, and innovation In: Wallerstein, M.B., Mogee, M.E. and R.A. Schoen (eds.). Global Dimensions of IPRs in science and technology, Washington National Academy Press, Pages: 441.
34. Deardorff, A.V. (1992). Welfare effects of global patent protection. In: Economica, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Vol. 59(233): 33-51.
35. Smith, P.J., 1999. Are weak patent rights a barrier to U.S. exports? In: Journal of International Economics, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., The Netherlands, Vol. 48(1): 151-177.
36. Butler J.S. and D.V. Gibson (2011). Introduction: technology transfer in global perspectives – issues for the twenty-first century. In: Butler, J.S. and D.V. Gibson (eds.). Global perspectives on technology transfer and commercialization: building innovative ecosystems, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, Pages: 432.
37. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.5, 2001. Compendium of International Arrangements on Transfer of Technology. Selected Instruments. Relevant Provisions in Selected International Arrangements Pertaining to Transfer of Technology, Pages: 306. Available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psiteipcm5.en.pdf.
38. Arora, A. (2009). Intellectual property rights and the international transfer of technology setting out an agenda for the empirical research in developing countries. In: The economics of intellectual property. Suggestions for further research in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. WIPO, Geneva, pp. 41 – 64. Available at http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/economics/1012/wipo_pub_1012.pdf .
39. Gutterman, A. and J. Erlich (1997). Technology development and transfer. Quorum Books, Westport, Conn, pp. 17 – 66.
References
1. Shugurov M.V. Mezhdunarodno-pravovoe regulirovanie peredachi
2. tekhnologiy v tselyakh razvitiya // Pravo i politika. - 2013. - 8. - C. 1032 - 1046. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.8.9066.
3. Sheverdin A.V. Pravovoe regulirovanie biotekhnologiy
4. mezhdunarodnym pravom
5. i rossiyskim zakonodatel'stvom // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law. - 2013. - 1. - C. 154 - 164.
6. Roffe, P. and T. Tesfachew (2001). The Unfinished Agenda. In: Patel, S.J., Roffe P. and A.A. Yusef (eds.). International technology transfer: the origins and aftermath of the United Nations negotiations on Draft Code of Conduct, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands, Pages: 468.
7. Shugurov M.V. Vozdeystvie sovremennogo NTP na mezhdunarodno-pravovoe regulirovanie peredachi tekhnologiy v tselyakh ustoychivogo razvitiya // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo. - 2015. - 2. - C. 53 - 90. DOI: 10.7256/2306-9899.2015.2.14771. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/wl/article_14771.html
8. Shugurov, M.V. (2015). Perspectives of international technology transfer in the TRIPS-plus era: problems and solutions. In: European Journal of Social and Human Sciences. Vol. 5(1): 48 – 57.
9. UNCTAD-ICTSD, (2000). Project on Intellectual property rights and sustainable development, Geneva. Available at http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/Intellectual%Property/IPRs-and-Sustainable-Development.asp
10. Foray, D. (2009). Technology transfer in the TRIPS Age: the need for new types of partnerships between the least developed and most advanced economies. ICTSD, Issue paper No. 23, Geneva, Pages: 75. Available at http://www.ictsd.org/themes/intellectual-properties/technology-transfer-in-the-trips-age-the-need-for-new-types-of.
11. Vivas-Euqui, D. and M.J. Oliva (2010). Biodiversity related intellectual provisions in Free Trade Agreements, ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 4, Pages: 39. Available at http://www.ictsd.org/downloads/2011/12/biodiversity_related-intellectual-property-provisions-in-free-trade-agreements.pdf.
12. Roffe, P. (2007). Intellectual property, bilateral agreements and sustainable development. The Challenges of Implementations, The Center for International Environment Law, Canada, pp. 6-15. Available at http://www.ciel.org/Publications/FTA_ImplementationPub_Jan07.pdf.
13. Knor, M. (2011). Climate Change, Technology and IPRs. In: Technological cooperation and climate change issues and perspectives. Working papers presented at the Ministry of environmental and forests, Government of India-UNDP Consultation on Technology Cooperation for Addressing Climate Change, 23-24 September, 2011 New Deli, India, Pages: 136.
14. Barton, J.H. (2007). New trends in technology transfer. Implications for national and international policy, ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 18, Geneva, Pages: 54. Available at http://www.ictsd.org/themes/innovation-and-ip/research-new-trend-in-transfer-implications-for-national-and-international-policy.
15. Bennet, D. (2002). Innovative Technology Transfer Framework Linked to Trade for UNIDO Action, Vienna, Pages: 64. Available at http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/userfiles/hartmany/wssd_tech_transfer.pdf.
16. WIPO. Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP). (Ninth Session, Geneva, May 7 to 11, 2012). Revised Project Paper for the Project on Intellectual Property and Technology transfer Common Challenges-Building Solutions (Recommendations 19, 25, 26 and 28), para 22 of CDIP/9/INF/4 (March 13, 2012). Available at http://www.wipo.int/meeting/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=25013.
17. UNCTAD, (2010). Foreign direct investment, the transfer and diffusion of technology, and sustainable development. Td/B/c.II/EM.2/2, 8 December, 2010. Available at http://unctad.org/en/docs/ciiem2d2_en.pdf.
18. Puustjärvi, E. et al., (2003). Transfer of environmentally sound technologies from developed countries to developing countries: background document for the Ad Hoc Expert Group on finance and environmentally sound technologies. The Secretariat of the United Nations Forum on forests, INDUFOR, Helsinki, Finland, Pages: 79. Available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.361.9646.
19. Tébar Less, T.C. and S. McMillan (2005). Achieving the successful transfer of environmentally sound technologies: trade-related aspects, OECD Trade and Environmental Working Paper No. 2005-02, Paris, France, Pages: 37. Available at http://www.oecd.org/tad/envtrade/35837552.pdf.
20. Verhoosel, G. (1997). International transfer of environmentally sound technology: the new dimension of an old stumbling block. In: Environmental Policy and Law, IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 27(6): 470-487.
21. WIPO. Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP). (Ninth Session, Geneva May 7 to 11, 2012). Revised Project Paper for the Project on Intellectual Property and Technology transfer Common Challenges-Building Solutions (Recommendations 19, 25, 26 and 28), para 22 of CDIP/9/INF/4 (March 13, 2012). Available at http://www.wipo.int/meeting/en/details.jsp?meeting_id=25013.
22. Alberts, C.M. (1992). Technology transfer and its role in international environmental law: a structural dilemma. In: Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, William S. Hein & Co., Inc., New York, Vol. 6(1): 63-84.
23. Itogovyy dokument konferentsii OON RIO+20 «Budushchee, kotorogo my khotim» 2012 g. // A/RES/66/288 ot 27 iyulya 2012 g. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N11/476/10/PDF/N1147612.pdf?OpenElement.
24. Presentation of Constanza Martinez «The Use of IP Rights in the Transfer of technologies under Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) at the WIPO Symposium on Patent landscaping and Transfer of Technology under Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs)», August 26, 2008, Geneva. Available at http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2008/lifesciences/ip_Iss2_ge/
25. Itogovyy dokument Vsemirnogo sammita 2005 g. // A/RES/60/1 ot 16 sentyabrya 2005 g. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/487/60/PDF/N0548760.pdf?OpenElement.
26. Itogovyy dokument plenarnogo zasedaniya vysokogo urovnya po tselyam v oblasti razvitiya, sformulirovannykh v Deklaratsii Tysyacheletiya. «Vypolnenie obeshchaniya: ob'edinenie vo imya dostizheniya tseley v oblasti razvitiya» // A/RES/65/1 ot 22 sentyabrya 2010 g. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/512/60/PDF/N1051260.pdf?OpenElement.
27. Copenhagen Accord (18 December 2009) // FCCC. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteen session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two. Action taken by the Conference of the parties at its fifteenth session. Decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Decision 2/CP.15. FCCC/CP/2009/11/Ad.1 (30 March 2010), pp. 5-7. Available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf .
28. Sanusi, Z.A. (2005). Technology transfer under Multilateral Environmental Agreements analyzing the synergies. UNU-IAS Working paper No. 134, Pages: 39. Available at http://www.ipce-wg2.gov/njlite_download.php?id=7029.
29. Hoffman, U. (1999). An analysis of effective operationalization of provisions on transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries in Multilateral Environmental Agreements, pursuant to Agenda 21. UNCTAD draft discussion paper, Geneva. Available at http://r0.unctad.org/trade_env/docs/tot-unct.pdf.
30. WIPO (2008). Report on the international patent system prepared by the Secretariat, para 101, Geneva, Pages:
31. Available at http://www.gtwassociates.com/alerts/WIPOTechnologyDiffusionandthePatentSyste.pdf. 10. Shepherd, J. (2007). The future of technological transfer under Multilateral Environmental Agreements. 37 ELR 10548. Environmental Law Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Available at http://elr.info/sites/default/files/articles/37.10547.pdf.
32. Roffe, P. (2005). Comment I: Technology Transfer on the International Agenda. In: Maksus, K. and J. Reichman (eds.). International Public Goods and Transfer of Technology Under A Globalized Intellectual Property Regime, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 257 – 281.
33. Mansfield, E. (1993). Unauthorized use of intellectual property: Effects on investment, technology transfer, and innovation In: Wallerstein, M.B., Mogee, M.E. and R.A. Schoen (eds.). Global Dimensions of IPRs in science and technology, Washington National Academy Press, Pages: 441.
34. Deardorff, A.V. (1992). Welfare effects of global patent protection. In: Economica, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Vol. 59(233): 33-51.
35. Smith, P.J., 1999. Are weak patent rights a barrier to U.S. exports? In: Journal of International Economics, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., The Netherlands, Vol. 48(1): 151-177.
36. Butler J.S. and D.V. Gibson (2011). Introduction: technology transfer in global perspectives – issues for the twenty-first century. In: Butler, J.S. and D.V. Gibson (eds.). Global perspectives on technology transfer and commercialization: building innovative ecosystems, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, Pages: 432.
37. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.5, 2001. Compendium of International Arrangements on Transfer of Technology. Selected Instruments. Relevant Provisions in Selected International Arrangements Pertaining to Transfer of Technology, Pages: 306. Available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psiteipcm5.en.pdf.
38. Arora, A. (2009). Intellectual property rights and the international transfer of technology setting out an agenda for the empirical research in developing countries. In: The economics of intellectual property. Suggestions for further research in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. WIPO, Geneva, pp. 41 – 64. Available at http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/economics/1012/wipo_pub_1012.pdf .
39. Gutterman, A. and J. Erlich (1997). Technology development and transfer. Quorum Books, Westport, Conn, pp. 17 – 66.
Издательство
 
Авторам
 
Услуги
 
Разное
 
Наши сайты

© 1998 – 2024 Nota Bene. Publishing Technologies. NB-Media Ltd.