Аннотация: Объектом исследования является законодательство России и Сингапура, касающееся регулирование сферы репродуктивных технологий, а также социокультурное отношение населения к использованию данных технологий, зафиксированное в социальных установках, в том числе, выражаемых религиозными организациями. Предметом исследования являются сходства в законодательстве России и Сингапура, а также социальных установках в отношении сферы репродуктивных технологий. Целью исследования является понимание параллелизма в регулировании сферы репродуктивных технологий России и Сингапура и предложение своего объяснения данному феномену. Методология включает приемы, принципы и процедуры анализа нормативно-правовых актов, статистических демографических данных и контент-анализа высказываний относительно использования репродуктивных технологий. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что в результате анализа выявлено, что наши страны действительно проявляют удивительное сходство в правовом регулировании сферы репродуктивных технологий и социальных установках (мнениях) в отношении использования этих технологий. Правовое регулирование суррогатного материнства нельзя считать объективно эффективным ни в России, ни Сингапуре. В социокультурном восприятии репродуктивных технологий социумом России и Сингапура присутствует настороженность и холодность, а также сомнения в культурной легитимности использования данных технологий. Предложена гипотеза, согласно которой сходство в рассматриваемых вопросах между Россией и Сингапуром объясняется общим правовым и культурным евразийским наследием российской и сингапурской культур.

Abstract: The object of this research is the legislation in Russia and Singapore regulating the sphere of reproductive technologies, as well as sociocultural attitude of the population towards the use of such technologies, reflected in social orientations, including those expressed by religious organizations. The subject of this research is the similarities in legislation of Russia and Singapore, as well as social orientations with regards to the sphere of reproductive technologies. The goal of this work lies in comprehension of parallelism in regulating the sphere of reproductive technologies of Russian and Singapore, and proposal of an original explanation to this phenomenon. Methodology contains the approaches, principles and analysis of the regulatory acts, statistical demographic data and content analysis of the rhetoric about the use of reproductive technologies. The scientific novelty consists in determination of the fact that both countries have a remarkable resemblance in legal regulation of the sphere of reproductive technologies and social orientations (opinions) pertinent to implementation of such technologies. The legal regulation of surrogacy In Russia or Singapore cannot be considered objectively effective. In both, Russia and Singapore, there is noticed circumspection and indifference within the sociocultural perception of reproductive technologies, as well as the doubts in cultural legitimacy of their implementation. A hypothesis is put forward, according to which, the similarity between Russian and Singapore with regards to surrogacy is explained by the common legal and cultural Eurasian heritage of the Russian and Singaporean cultures.

Аннотация: On the example of gender-power relations built by Marquise Jeanne-Antoinette de Pompadour, mistress of the King Louis XV, most prominent favorite in history, from the perspective of psychoanalysis, this article analyses the feminine power discourses and complex systems of the gender social roles that the favorites – the women possessing the “shadow social and political power” – were able to structure. The goal of this research lies in the analysis of typical strategies of gender power, structured by the royal favorites, demonstrated on the example of Marquise de Pompadour, in which men were involved into decentralized system of women’s power. The author is first to reveal the basic patterns of formation of the system of gender-power role and codification of a number of them as social statuses. It is noted that the system of establishment of such roles correspond with the Lacanian Triad: Imaginary-Symbolic-Real. The symbolic level structuring gender roles by a woman possessing shadow power is the linguistic field. The imaginary level implies the formed by woman cultural traditions. The real level is represented by the created by woman social and political administrative strategies, which involve men as the subjects of women’s decentralized power into the system of gender-power relation, designed by a favorite. It is concluded that favoritism as a complicated social, psychological and cultural phenomenon is one of the most successful methods of manifestation of women’s “shadow” power in history.

Аннотация: The object of the study is the system of gender-power relations in the society. The subject of the research is the social and psychological facets of the gender power system construction, their basic characteristics as well as the degree and limits of their mutual influence. The methodology includes research methods of power introduced by M. Foucault, L. Althusser, and J. Butler; psychoanalytic approaches of S. Freud and J. Lacan; structuralist method of analysis of communicative practices of M. Castells.Results, novelty, and conclusions. The novelty of the study consists in the theory of passional attachment introduced by the author, in which it is argued that the system of gender power in society is based on the psychological mechanism of interpellation and subjection of male psychics by women.The main conclusions are as follows: 1) gender self-identification and socialisation are associated with the Œdipus complex and Lacanian psychological stage of the mirror; 2) since the time of the ancient matriarchy, the symbolic power of the female has become fixed as an archetype of consciousness; 3) the gender power is being built on a subject-subject basis; in the society; 4) women’s building a system of gender power relations and gender roles on their basis, is usually carried out with a broad involvement of the symbolic sphere.

Аннотация: The object of the study is the system of gender-power relations in the society. The subject of the research is the social and psychological aspects of the process of establishment of thegender power system, their basic characteristics, as well as the degree and limits of mutual influence. Methodology includes research methods of power introduced by M. Foucault, L. Althusser, and J. Butler; psychoanalytic approaches of S. Freud and J. Lacan; structuralist method of analysis of communicative practices of M. Castells. The novelty of the study consists in the theory of passionate attachment introduced by the author, in which it is argued that the system of gender power in society is based on the psychological mechanism of interpellation and subjection of male psychics by women. The following conclusions were made: 1) gender self-identification and socialization are associated with the Oedipus complex and Lacanian mirror stage; 2) since the time of ancient matriarchy, the female symbolic power has become an archetype of consciousness; 3) the gender power is being built on a subject-subjective basis, as well as form a blurry and often unclear system of decentralized relations in the society; 4) structuring of the system of gender power relations and gender roles by women is realized with broad involvement of the sphere of the symbolic.

Аннотация: Using the example of gender power relations structured by Marquise Jeanne-Antoinette de Pompadour, mistress of the French King Louis XV, most famous favorite in history, the article analyzes the female power discourses and complex systems of the gender social roles that were developed by the mistresses – women who possesses a “shadow” social and political power. The goal of this work lies in examination of the typical strategies of gender power, structure by the royal favorites, using the example of Marquise de Pompadour, in which a male was included into the decentralized system of female authority. The article determines the basic regularities of establishment of the system of gender power roles by the mistresses and codification of a number of social statuses. It is demonstrated that the system of the formation of such roles corresponds to the Lacanian triad: Symbolic-Imaginary-Real. The symbolic level of the gender roles for a mistress that possessed shadow authority is the language field. The imaginary – is the formed by woman cultural traditions. The real – is the created by a woman social and political administrative strategies that include the involvement of males as the subjects of female decentralized authority into the system of gender power relations projected by a mistress. It is concluded that favoritism as a complicated social, psychological and cultural phenomenon is one of the most successful methods of manifestation of the female “shadow” authority in history.