Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются вопросы создания внутреннего рынка электроэнергии в Европейском союзе точки зрения уровней и сфер публичного регулирования как на уровне государств – членов ЕС, так и на союзном уровне. Автор подробно исследует правовые аспекты создания и функции единого регулирующего органа в сфере электроэнергетики в государствах - членах Европейского союза, отдельные вопросы разделения вертикально интегрированных компаний, а также функции и полномочия Агентства по сотрудничеству регуляторов энергетики (ACER). На основе анализа международно-правовых актов и деятельности субъектов международного права, с применением исторического подхода исследуются правовые аспекты формирования новых институтов и регулирующих публичных органов в сфере электроэнергетики. Большинство исследователей в качестве ключевой новеллы «третьего энергопакета» Европейского союза отмечают требование о разделении активов вертикально интегрированных компаний. Между тем, по мнению автора, важнейшим аспектом стало создание наднационального отраслевого органа в сфере электроэнергетики, которому государствами – членами ЕС были переданы определенные полномочия.
Ключевые слова: Европейский союз, внутренний рынок электроэнергии, наднациональный регулирующий орган, Агентство по сотрудничеству, оптовый энергетический рынок, Государственный регулирующий орган, третий энергопакет, разделение активов, публичное регулирование, электроэнергетика
Библиография:
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Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1348/2014 of 17 December 2014 on data reporting implementing Article 8(2) and Article 8(6) of Regulation (EU) No 1227/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency/ URL: http://www.acer.europa.eu/en/the_eu_energy_market/Legislation/Pages/default.aspx.
URL: https://www.acer-remit.eu/portal/home.
Stephen Padgett. Multilateral institutions, accession conditionality and rule transfer in the European Union: the Energy Community in South East Europe. Journal of Public Policy / Volume 32 / Issue 03 / Декабрь 2012, pp 261-282. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X12000086.
ENTSO-E Articles of Association. URL: https://www.entsoe.eu/about-entso-e/inside-entso-e/governance/association-documents/Pages/default.aspx.
URL: http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/Publication/ACER%20Market%20Monitoring%20Report%202012.pdf.
David Levi-Faur (1999). The Governance of Competition: the interplay of technology, economics, and politics in European Union electricity and telecom regimes. Journal of Public Policy, 19, pp 175-207.
Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (Text with EEA relevance)// OJ L211 of 14.8.2009.
ACER Work Programme 2015. URL: http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/Publication/ACER%20Work%20Programme%202015.pdf.
Regulation (EU) No 1227/2011 on Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency// OJ L 326, 8.12.2011, p. 1.
Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2013 on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure and repealing Decision No 1364/2006/EC and amending Regulations (EC) No 713/2009, (EC) No 714/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009// OJ L 115, 25.4.2013
Paul Nillesen & Michael Pollitt. Ownership unbundling in electricity distribution: empircal evidence from New Zealand // EPRG Working Paper 0820. URL: http://www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/eprg0820.pdf.
Федеральный закон от 26.03.2003 № 36-ФЗ «Об особенностях функционирования электроэнергетики и о внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Российской Федерации и признании утратившими силу некоторых законодательных актов Российской Федерации в связи с принятием Федерального закона «Об электроэнергетике»// «Собрание законодательства РФ», 31.03.2003, N 13, ст. 1178.
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«Третий энергопакет» включает в себя: Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13, 2009, concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/55, 14/08/2009
Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13, 2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1228/2003 // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/15, 14/08/2009; Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13, 2009, concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/55, 14/08/2009
Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13,2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1775/2005 // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/36, 14/08/2009
Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13, 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/1, 14/08/2009.
Council Directive 90/377/EEC of 29 June 1990 concerning a Community procedure to improve the transparency of gas and electricity prices charged to industrial end-users // Official Journal L 185 , 17/07/1990 P. 0016-0024. Затем был принят еще ряд документов, к которым относятся: Директива 90/547/ЕЭС от 29 октября 1990 г. о транзите электричества. Однако важнейшим актом этого этапа стала Директива 96/92/ЕС от 19 декабря 1996 г., установившая общие правила для внутреннего рынка электроэнергии.
Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC // OJ L 176 of 15.7.2003.
Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity // OJ L 176 of 15.7.2003.
Jean-Michel Glachant, Sophia Ruester. The EU internal electricity market: Done forever? Utilities Policy. Dec2014, Vol. 31, p 221-228.
Jacopo Torriti. Energy Privatisation and cross-border electricity trade: From internal market to European Supergrid? Dec2014, Vol. 77, p 635-640.
Gert Brunekreeft. Network unbundling and flawed coordination: Experience from the electricity sector. Utilities Policy. Jun2015, Vol. 34, p 11-18.
Pandelis N. Biskas, Chatzigiannis, Bakirtzis. European Electricity Market Integration With Mixed Market Designs—Part I: Formulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. Jan2014, Vol. 29 Issue 1, p 458-465.
Rozeta Karova. Regional electricity markets in Europe: Focus on the Energy Community. Utilities Policy. Jun2011, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p 80-86.
Stephen Padgett. Multilateral institutions, accession conditionality and rule transfer in the European Union: the Energy Community in South East Europe. Journal of Public Policy / Volume 32 / Issue 03 / Декабрь 2012, pp 261-282. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X12000086.
Volker Roeben (2013). Governing shared offshore electricity infrastructure in the Northern Seas. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 62, pp 839-864. doi:10.1017/S002058931300033X.
Diana Schumann and Ulrich Widmaier. Political strategies of large companies and their significance for the implementation of the European single electricity market: The examples of France and Germany. Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 3 No. 3. 2003. pp. 260-272.
Nikolaos Zahariadis (2004). European Markets and National Regulation: Conflict and Cooperation in British Competition Policy. Journal of Public Policy, 24, pp 49-73 doi:DOI:10.1017/S0143814X04000030/.
David Levi-Faur (1999). The Governance of Competition: the interplay of technology, economics, and politics in European Union electricity and telecom regimes. Journal of Public Policy, 19, pp 175-207.
References (transliteration):
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URL: http://www.acer.europa.eu/Official_documents/Acts_of_the_Agency/Publication/ACER%20Market%20Monitoring%20Report%202012.pdf.
David Levi-Faur (1999). The Governance of Competition: the interplay of technology, economics, and politics in European Union electricity and telecom regimes. Journal of Public Policy, 19, pp 175-207.
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Regulation (EU) No 1227/2011 on Wholesale Energy Market Integrity and Transparency// OJ L 326, 8.12.2011, p. 1.
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Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13, 2009 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1228/2003 // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/15, 14/08/2009; Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13, 2009, concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/55, 14/08/2009
Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13,2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1775/2005 // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/36, 14/08/2009
Regulation (EC) No 713/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July, 13, 2009 establishing an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators // Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), No: L 211/1, 14/08/2009.
Council Directive 90/377/EEC of 29 June 1990 concerning a Community procedure to improve the transparency of gas and electricity prices charged to industrial end-users // Official Journal L 185 , 17/07/1990 P. 0016-0024. Zatem byl prinyat eshche ryad dokumentov, k kotorym otnosyatsya: Direktiva 90/547/EES ot 29 oktyabrya 1990 g. o tranzite elektrichestva. Odnako vazhneyshim aktom etogo etapa stala Direktiva 96/92/ES ot 19 dekabrya 1996 g., ustanovivshaya obshchie pravila dlya vnutrennego rynka elektroenergii.
Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC // OJ L 176 of 15.7.2003.
Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity // OJ L 176 of 15.7.2003.
Jean-Michel Glachant, Sophia Ruester. The EU internal electricity market: Done forever? Utilities Policy. Dec2014, Vol. 31, p 221-228.
Jacopo Torriti. Energy Privatisation and cross-border electricity trade: From internal market to European Supergrid? Dec2014, Vol. 77, p 635-640.
Gert Brunekreeft. Network unbundling and flawed coordination: Experience from the electricity sector. Utilities Policy. Jun2015, Vol. 34, p 11-18.
Pandelis N. Biskas, Chatzigiannis, Bakirtzis. European Electricity Market Integration With Mixed Market Designs—Part I: Formulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. Jan2014, Vol. 29 Issue 1, p 458-465.
Rozeta Karova. Regional electricity markets in Europe: Focus on the Energy Community. Utilities Policy. Jun2011, Vol. 19 Issue 2, p 80-86.
Stephen Padgett. Multilateral institutions, accession conditionality and rule transfer in the European Union: the Energy Community in South East Europe. Journal of Public Policy / Volume 32 / Issue 03 / Dekabr' 2012, pp 261-282. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X12000086.
Volker Roeben (2013). Governing shared offshore electricity infrastructure in the Northern Seas. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 62, pp 839-864. doi:10.1017/S002058931300033X.
Diana Schumann and Ulrich Widmaier. Political strategies of large companies and their significance for the implementation of the European single electricity market: The examples of France and Germany. Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 3 No. 3. 2003. pp. 260-272.
Nikolaos Zahariadis (2004). European Markets and National Regulation: Conflict and Cooperation in British Competition Policy. Journal of Public Policy, 24, pp 49-73 doi:DOI:10.1017/S0143814X04000030/.
David Levi-Faur (1999). The Governance of Competition: the interplay of technology, economics, and politics in European Union electricity and telecom regimes. Journal of Public Policy, 19, pp 175-207.