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Международные отношения
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Агапов И.О. Правовое регулирование лоббирования в США: проблемы и перспективы

Аннотация: Предметом исследования является режим раскрытия информации о лоббистской деятельности, установленный американским законодательством. Особое внимание уделяется изучению механизма обеспечения исполнения Закона о раскрытии лоббирования. Выявляются проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются секретарь Сената и клерк Палаты представителей Конгресса США в своей правоприменительной деятельности. Кроме того, рассматривается ряд решений Верховного суда США, так или иначе касающихся осуществления Конгрессом законодательных и административно-распорядительных полномочий. Анализируется реальное состояние процесса правовой регламентации лоббистских отношений в США. В процессе исследования автором использовались различные научные методы, в том числе: исторический, логический, сравнительно-правовой, формально-юридический. Новизна проведенного исследования заключается в освещении значительных, но почти незаметных на первый взгляд проблем реализации положений основного американского закона, регулирующего взаимодействие лоббистов с охваченными должностными лицами. На основе глубокого анализа автором предлагается несколько способов решения данных проблем, делается вывод о необходимости существенного пересмотра Закона о раскрытии лоббирования.

Ключевые слова:

лоббистская деятельность, лоббирование, лоббист, Конгресс, секретарь, клерк, прокурор, правовое регулирование, обеспечение исполнения, гражданский надзор

Abstract: The research subject is the regime of disclosure of information about lobbying established by the US legislation. Special attention is paid to the study of the mechanism of the “Lobbying Disclosure Act” implementation. The author reveals the problems faced by the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House of Representatives in their law enforcement activities. Besides, the paper considers particular decisions of the US Supreme Court which in this or that way deal with the exercise by the Congress of its legislative and administrative responsibilities. The author analyzes the real state of the process of legal regulation of lobbying in the US. The author applies various scientific methods, including historical, logic, comparative-legal and formal-legal. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of significant, but not-so-obvious problems of implementation of the provisions of the law regulating the interaction between lobbyists and officials. Based on the profound analysis, the author offers various ways to solve these problems and concludes about the need for a serious revision of the Lobbying Disclosure Act.

Keywords:

legal regulation, attorney, clerk, secretary, Congress, lobbyist, lobbying, lobbying activity, enforcement


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Библиография
1. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens 529 U.S. 765 (2000). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/529/765/
2. United States v. Harriss 347 U.S. 612 (1954). Justia URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/612/case.html.
3. Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014. The Stationery Office Limited. 67 p.
4. Senate Report No. 103-37 (1993).
5. Bowsherv. Synar 478 U.S. 714 (1986). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/478/714/.
6. Buckley v. Valeo 424 U.S. 1 (1976). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/424/1/#annotation.
7. Constitution of the United States. National Constitutional Center. Philadelphia, 2014. 17 p.
8. FARA Index and Act. U.S. Department of Justice. URL: http://www.fara.gov/indx-act.html.
9. Federal Election Campaign Laws. Federal Election Commission, 2015. Pp. 1-94.
10. Federal Election Commission v. Akins 524 U.S. 11 (1998). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/11/.
11. Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946. Columbia Law Review. Vol. 47. No 1. 1947. Pp. 98-109.
12. Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 as amended by Public Law No. 110-175, 121 Stat. 2524, and Public Law No. 111-83, § 564, 123 Stat. 2142, 2184. 19 p.
13. GAO-08-1099. Lobbying Disclosure: Observations on Lobbyists’ Compliance with New Disclosure Requirements. U.S. General Accountability Office. URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/290/282291.html.
14. GAO-09-487. 2008 Lobbying Disclosure: Observations on Lobbyists’ Compliance with Disclosure Requirements. 34 p.
15. GAO-15-310. 2014 2014 Lobbying Disclosure: Observations on Lobbyists’ Compliance with Disclosure Requirements. 50 p.
16. Holman C. Origins, Evolution and Structure of the Lobbying Disclosure Act. Pulic Citizen, 2006. 18 p.
17. Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007. Public Law 110-81. 42 p.
18. House of Representatives Report No. 103-750 (1994).
19. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995. U.S. Senate. URL: http://www.senate.gov/legislative/Lobbying/Lobby_Disclosure_Act/TOC.htm.
20. Lobbying Disclosure Act Guidance (Reviewed December 15, 2014). U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk. URL: http://lobbyingdisclosure.house.gov/amended_lda_guide.html.
21. Lobbying Disclosure Technical Amendments Act of 1998. Public Law 105-166. 2 p.
22. May J. Now More Than Ever: Environmental Citizen Suit Trends. The Environmental Law Reporter, 2003. 31 p.
23. No Bark, No Bite, No Point. The Case for Closing the Federal Election Commission and Establishing a New System for Enforcing the Nation’s Campaign Finance Laws. Project FEC, 2002. 142 p.
References
1. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens 529 U.S. 765 (2000). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/529/765/
2. United States v. Harriss 347 U.S. 612 (1954). Justia URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/612/case.html.
3. Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014. The Stationery Office Limited. 67 p.
4. Senate Report No. 103-37 (1993).
5. Bowsherv. Synar 478 U.S. 714 (1986). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/478/714/.
6. Buckley v. Valeo 424 U.S. 1 (1976). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/424/1/#annotation.
7. Constitution of the United States. National Constitutional Center. Philadelphia, 2014. 17 p.
8. FARA Index and Act. U.S. Department of Justice. URL: http://www.fara.gov/indx-act.html.
9. Federal Election Campaign Laws. Federal Election Commission, 2015. Pp. 1-94.
10. Federal Election Commission v. Akins 524 U.S. 11 (1998). Justia. URL: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/11/.
11. Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946. Columbia Law Review. Vol. 47. No 1. 1947. Pp. 98-109.
12. Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 as amended by Public Law No. 110-175, 121 Stat. 2524, and Public Law No. 111-83, § 564, 123 Stat. 2142, 2184. 19 p.
13. GAO-08-1099. Lobbying Disclosure: Observations on Lobbyists’ Compliance with New Disclosure Requirements. U.S. General Accountability Office. URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/290/282291.html.
14. GAO-09-487. 2008 Lobbying Disclosure: Observations on Lobbyists’ Compliance with Disclosure Requirements. 34 p.
15. GAO-15-310. 2014 2014 Lobbying Disclosure: Observations on Lobbyists’ Compliance with Disclosure Requirements. 50 p.
16. Holman C. Origins, Evolution and Structure of the Lobbying Disclosure Act. Pulic Citizen, 2006. 18 p.
17. Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007. Public Law 110-81. 42 p.
18. House of Representatives Report No. 103-750 (1994).
19. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995. U.S. Senate. URL: http://www.senate.gov/legislative/Lobbying/Lobby_Disclosure_Act/TOC.htm.
20. Lobbying Disclosure Act Guidance (Reviewed December 15, 2014). U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk. URL: http://lobbyingdisclosure.house.gov/amended_lda_guide.html.
21. Lobbying Disclosure Technical Amendments Act of 1998. Public Law 105-166. 2 p.
22. May J. Now More Than Ever: Environmental Citizen Suit Trends. The Environmental Law Reporter, 2003. 31 p.
23. No Bark, No Bite, No Point. The Case for Closing the Federal Election Commission and Establishing a New System for Enforcing the Nation’s Campaign Finance Laws. Project FEC, 2002. 142 p.
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