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Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations
Правильная ссылка на статью:

Саврыга К.П. Частные военные и охранные компании по международному праву

Аннотация: In the last 20 years since the Cold War has ended the organization of armed forces around the world changed considerably. One of such changes includes privatization of part of the functions, which were earlier recognized as purely military ones. Currently the status of private military and security companies is the “black hole” in the international law. The article concerns the issue of the status of the PMSC staff in the armed conflict and their correlation with those of mercenary. When evaluating this issue we can draw a conclusion that these two types are not identical. The author comes to a conclusion that while the PMSC staff may gain the combatant status, in most cases they fail to meet the requirements of the Geneva Conventions for this status. Therefore, the primary status of the PMSC staff during an armed conflict is that of civilian persons.

Ключевые слова:

частные военные компании, международное право, международное гуманитарное право, право военных конфликтов, комбатанты, некомбатанты, наемники, военнопленные, ЧВОК, Женевские конвенции

Abstract: In the last 20 years since the Cold War has ended the organization of armed forces around the world changed considerably. One of such changes includes privatization of part of the functions, which were earlier recognized as purely military ones. Currently the status of private military and security companies is the “black hole” in the international law. The article concerns the issue of the status of the PMSC staff in the armed conflict and their correlation with those of mercenary. When evaluating this issue we can draw a conclusion that these two types are not identical. The author comes to a conclusion that while the PMSC staff may gain the combatant status, in most cases they fail to meet the requirements of the Geneva Conventions for this status. Therefore, the primary status of the PMSC staff during an armed conflict is that of civilian persons.

Keywords:

private military companies, international law, international humanitarian law, law of the armed conflicts, combatants, non-combatants, mercenary, prisoners of war, PMSC, the Geneva Conventions.


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Библиография
1. Boldt N., “Outsourcing War – Private Military Companies and International Humanitarian Law”, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 47, 2004.pp.502-544
2. Avant D., “Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security”(Cambridge University Press, 2001)pp.328
3. Burmester H. “The Recruitment and Use of Mercenaries in Armed Conflicts", The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp.37-56
4. Cameron L. and Chetail V., “Privatizing War: Private Military and Security Companies under Public International Law”, (Cambridge University Press, 2013)pp.754
5. Canny N. “ A Mercenary World: A Legal Analysis of International Problem of Mercenarism”(2003)University College Dublin Law Review”. 3.pp.33-56
6. Chesterman S. and Lenhardt C.(ed) “From Mercenaries to Market: Rise and Regulation of Private Military Company“(Oxford University Press, 2007)pp.275
7. Del Mar K.,”The Requirement of ‘Belonging’ under International Humanitarian Law”, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 21 no.1.pp.105-124
8. Henckarerts M. and Doswald-Beck L., “Customary International Humanitarian Law” Vol.1(Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp.689
9. Ipsen K., “Combatants and Non-Combatants” in Fleck D. (ed), “The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law”(Oxford University Press, 2008) pp.812
10. Kinsey C., “Corporate Soldiers and International Security: The Rise of Private military Company”(London, Routledge, 2006).pp.208
11. Melzer. N, “Interpretive Guidance on Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities”, ICRC, Geneva, 2009.pp.92
12. Parodi F. “Les sociétés militaires et de sécurité privées” in Hamant H. ed. “Les menaces contre la paix et la sécurité internationales : aspects actuels”.2010. Institut de recherche en droit international et européen de la Sorbonne.pp.145-161
13. Percy S. “Security Council and the Use of Private Force” in Lowe V., Roberts A., Welsh J., and ZaumD. Ed. “The United Nations Security Council and War The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945” (Oxford University Press, 2010)pp.816
14. Pernille W.. ‘The legal status of private contractors under international humanitarian law’, Justitia, Vol. 31, no. 4 (2007). pp.3-47
15. Pictet J.S., Commentary, Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war(Geneva: International Committee of Red Cross, 1960)pp.540
16. Sandoz Y., Swinarsky C., Zimmermann B. (ed)” Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949”(Geneva: Martinus Nijhoff Puplisher, 1987)pp.1655
17. Schmitt M., “Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees”, Chicago Journal of International Law, 2000,5.pp.511-546
18. Singer P., Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the privatized military industry (Ithaca and London: Cornell University press, 2003).pp.360
19. Schwartz M. and Swain J. “Department of Defense Contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq: Background and analysis “ US Congressional research service report(13 may 2011) pp.23
20. Report of the Expert meeting on the right to life in armed conflict and situations of occupation, University Centre for International Humanitarian Law, Geneva, 1-2 September 2005, Section F , http://www.uncihl.org/Right_to_Life_Meeting_Report.pdf
References
1. Boldt N., “Outsourcing War – Private Military Companies and International Humanitarian Law”, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 47, 2004.pp.502-544
2. Avant D., “Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security”(Cambridge University Press, 2001)pp.328
3. Burmester H. “The Recruitment and Use of Mercenaries in Armed Conflicts", The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp.37-56
4. Cameron L. and Chetail V., “Privatizing War: Private Military and Security Companies under Public International Law”, (Cambridge University Press, 2013)pp.754
5. Canny N. “ A Mercenary World: A Legal Analysis of International Problem of Mercenarism”(2003)University College Dublin Law Review”. 3.pp.33-56
6. Chesterman S. and Lenhardt C.(ed) “From Mercenaries to Market: Rise and Regulation of Private Military Company“(Oxford University Press, 2007)pp.275
7. Del Mar K.,”The Requirement of ‘Belonging’ under International Humanitarian Law”, The European Journal of International Law Vol. 21 no.1.pp.105-124
8. Henckarerts M. and Doswald-Beck L., “Customary International Humanitarian Law” Vol.1(Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp.689
9. Ipsen K., “Combatants and Non-Combatants” in Fleck D. (ed), “The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law”(Oxford University Press, 2008) pp.812
10. Kinsey C., “Corporate Soldiers and International Security: The Rise of Private military Company”(London, Routledge, 2006).pp.208
11. Melzer. N, “Interpretive Guidance on Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities”, ICRC, Geneva, 2009.pp.92
12. Parodi F. “Les sociétés militaires et de sécurité privées” in Hamant H. ed. “Les menaces contre la paix et la sécurité internationales : aspects actuels”.2010. Institut de recherche en droit international et européen de la Sorbonne.pp.145-161
13. Percy S. “Security Council and the Use of Private Force” in Lowe V., Roberts A., Welsh J., and ZaumD. Ed. “The United Nations Security Council and War The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945” (Oxford University Press, 2010)pp.816
14. Pernille W.. ‘The legal status of private contractors under international humanitarian law’, Justitia, Vol. 31, no. 4 (2007). pp.3-47
15. Pictet J.S., Commentary, Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war(Geneva: International Committee of Red Cross, 1960)pp.540
16. Sandoz Y., Swinarsky C., Zimmermann B. (ed)” Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949”(Geneva: Martinus Nijhoff Puplisher, 1987)pp.1655
17. Schmitt M., “Humanitarian Law and Direct Participation in Hostilities by Private Contractors or Civilian Employees”, Chicago Journal of International Law, 2000,5.pp.511-546
18. Singer P., Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the privatized military industry (Ithaca and London: Cornell University press, 2003).pp.360
19. Schwartz M. and Swain J. “Department of Defense Contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq: Background and analysis “ US Congressional research service report(13 may 2011) pp.23
20. Report of the Expert meeting on the right to life in armed conflict and situations of occupation, University Centre for International Humanitarian Law, Geneva, 1-2 September 2005, Section F , http://www.uncihl.org/Right_to_Life_Meeting_Report.pdf
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