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Журнал зарубежного законодательства и сравнительного правоведения / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law
Правильная ссылка на статью:
Б.И. Осминин
Реализация международных договорных обязательств в национальной правовой системе США
// Журнал зарубежного законодательства и сравнительного правоведения / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law.
2011. № 5.
С. 65-75.
URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=58922
Б.И. Осминин Реализация международных договорных обязательств в национальной правовой системе США
Аннотация:
Клаузула о верховенстве федерального права над правом штатов (ст. VI Конституции США) устанавливает, что все заключенные Соединенными Штатами договоры являются «верховным правом страны». Они пользуются преимуществом в отношении законодательства штатов и имеют одинаковый статус с федеральными статутами. Верховным судом США это положение было интерпретировано как распространяющееся также и на исполнительные соглашения. В случае противоречия между договором и статутом применяется правило приоритета последнего по времени принятия акта. Суды в США не применяют нормы международного права, независимо от того, являются ли они договорными или обычными, если они противоречат актам Конгресса, которые приняты позднее. Суды руководствуются тем, что «последнее по времени выражение суверенной воли должно превалировать». Судами в США проводится различие между «самоисполнимыми» и «несамоисполнимыми» договорами: если первые могут непосредственно применяться судами, то последние должны ожидать имплементационных мер законодательного или административного характера.
Ключевые слова:
верховное право страны, придавать действие международным соглашениям в США, последнее по времени выражение суверенной воли, приоритет последнего по времени принятия акта, имплементационное законодательство, самоисполнимые соглашения, несамоисполнимые соглашения, презумпция самоисполнимости договоров, презумпция несамоисполнимости договоров, заявление о несамоисполнимости.
Abstract: Under art. VI, cl. 2 of the U.S. Constitution (the Supremacy Clause) all treaties concluded by the United States
are considered to be part of the supreme law of the land. Consequently, they are superior to State law, while they have
equal status to federal statutes. The Supremacy Clause has been interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court as also applying
to executive agreements.
Cases of inconsistency between a treaty and a statute will be resolved by means of the “last–in–time” rule. U.S. courts
will not apply international law, whether derived from treaty or from custom, in conflict with congressional enactment
that comes later in time: the courts have reasoned that “the latest expression of the sovereign will” should prevail.
U.S. courts have developed a distinction between “self–executing” and “non–self–executing” treaties; the former will be
directly applied by the courts but the latter must await implementation by the legislative or executive branches.
Keywords: the supreme law of the land, to give effect to international agreements within the U.S., the latest expression of the sovereign will, the “last–in–time” rule, implementing legislation, self–executing agreements, non–self–executing agreements, a presumption in favor of treaty self–execution, a presumption against treaty self–execution, the non–self– executing declaration.
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11. Henkin L. U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Conventions: The Ghost of Senator Bricker // The American Journal of International Law. 1995. Vol. 89.
12. Kesavan V. The Three Tiers of Federal Law // Northwestern University Law Review. 2006. Vol. 100.
13. Ku Jul. Treaties as Laws: A Defense of the Last–in–Time Rule for Treaties and Federal Statutes // Indiana Law Journal. 2005. Vol. 80.
14. Martin Fr., Schnably St., Wilson R., Simon J., Tushnet M. International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases and Analysis. New York, 2006.
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16. Namicas M. Up in Smoke?: The Last in Time Rule and Empresa Cubana Del Tabaco v. Culbro Corp // St. John’s Journal of Legal Commentary. 2008. Vol. 22.
17. Paust J. International Law as Law of the United States: Trends and Prospects // Chinese Journal of International Law. 2002.
18. Paust J. Self–Executing Treaties. // The American Journal of International Law. 1988. Vol. 82.
19. Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. Vol. 1. The American Law Institute. 1987.
20. Sloss D. Treaties and Constitution: Enforcing Treaties Against the States. February 2011 // http://works.bepress. com/ david_sloss/2.
21. Turner J. The Post–Medellin Case for Legislative Standing // American University Law Review. 2010. Vol. 59.
22. Vazquez C. The Four Doctrines of Self–Executing Treaties // The American Journal of International Law. 1995. Vol. 89.
23. Vazquez C. Treaties as Law of the Land: The Supremacy Clause and the Judicial Enforcement of Treaties // Harvard Law Review. 2008. Vol. 122.
24. Yoo J. Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties, Non–Self–Execution, and the Original Understanding // Columbia Law Review. 1999. Vol. 99.
25. Yoo J. Treaties and Public Lawmaking: A Textual and Structural Defense of Non–Self–Execution // Columbia Law Review. 1999. Vol. 99
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