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Право и политика
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Шугуров М.В. Вопросы защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности на передаваемые технологии в многосторонних экологических соглашениях

Аннотация: Предметом данного исследования является анализ регулирования защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в международных соглашениях, а также документах политико-правового характера, относящихся к сфере международного экологического права, являющегося ныне составной частью так называемого международного права устойчивого развития. Автор подробно рассматривает дискуссионные вопросы, связанные с современным пониманием воздействия защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности, особенно патентных прав, на международную передачу и диффузию технологий, преимущественно "зеленых" технологий. Особое внимание уделяется анализу регулирования защиты исключительных прав на передаваемые технологии в рамках рио-де-жанейрских конвенций, а также аналогичным вопросам на уровне источников "мягкого" международного права в сфере устойчивого развития. Повышенное значение придается изучению позиций развитых и развивающихся государств по вопросу характера и необходимого уровня защиты патентных прав в процессе осуществления международной передачи технологий, которая нацелена главным образом на содействие развивающимся странам в формировании их собственного научно-технологического и инновационного потенциала. Помимо этого автор специально останавливается на вопросах воздействия положений Соглашения ТРИПС и положений ТРИПС-плюс на перспективы передачи технологий в целях перехода к устойчивому развитию. В качестве основного метода исследования автор использовал сравнительно-правовой метод, нацеленный на сопоставление позиций и подходов развитых и развивающихся государств к значению защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности для международного трансфера технологий. Помимо этого был использован системный метод, позволивший рассмотреть трансфер технологий в качестве международно-правового института, обладающего целым рядом аспектов, среди которых в последнее время наибольшей дискуссионностью стал обладать аспект защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности. В целях понимания масштаба вопроса исследованию подверглись не только положения "твердого", но и "мягкого международного экологического права. Основными выводами проведенного исследования выступает признание двойственного воздействия защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности на достижение целей международной передачи технологий. Особым вкладом автора в исследование темы является системный анализ положений экологических конвенций с точки зрения их пересечения с положениями международного права интеллектуальной собственности. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что позитивное воздействие защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности на передачу технологий в мировых масштабах, являющихся инструментом мирового развития, выступает необходимое согласование позиций разных групп государств.


Ключевые слова:

устойчивое развитие, международный трансфер технологий, развивающиеся страны, патентное право, международное экологическое право, зеленые технологии, исключительные права, создание потенциала, Соглашение ТРИПС, биотехнология

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of the regulation of protection of intellectual property rights within international treaties and political legal documents pertaining to international environmental law, which is currently the component of the so-called international law for sustainable development. The author examines the debatable issues associated with the modern understanding of the effects of protection of intellectual rights, especially patent laws for international transfer and diffusion of technologies, especially “green” technologies. A special attention is given to the analysis of regulation of protection of exclusive rights for transferable technologies within the framework of the Rio de Janeiro conventions, as well as the similar issues at the level of “soft” international law in the area of sustainable development. A focus is made on the study of the positions of developed and developing countries on the issue of nature and the necessary level of protection of patent rights in the process of international transfer of technologies, which is mainly aimed at aiding developing countries in forming their own scientific-technological and innovational potential. The author’s contribution into the research of this topic is the systemic analysis of the position of environmental conventions from the perspective of their collisions with the positions of international law on intellectual property. Among the main conclusions of the conducted research is the acknowledgement of the dual effect of the protection of intellectual property rights upon the achievement of the goals of international transfer of technologies.


Keywords:

green technologies, international environmental law, patent law, developing countries, international technology transfer, sustainable development, exclusive rights, capacity building, TRIPS Agreement, biotechnology


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Библиография
1. Шугуров М.В. Международно-правовое регулирование передачи
2. технологий в целях развития // Право и политика. - 2013. - 8. - C. 1032 - 1046. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.8.9066.
3. Шевердин А.В. Правовое регулирование биотехнологий
4. международным правом
5. и российским законодательством // Журнал зарубежного законодательства и сравнительного правоведения / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law. - 2013. - 1. - C. 154 - 164.
6. Roffe, P. and T. Tesfachew (2001). The Unfinished Agenda. In: Patel, S.J., Roffe P. and A.A. Yusef (eds.). International technology transfer: the origins and aftermath of the United Nations negotiations on Draft Code of Conduct, Kluwer Law International, The Netherlands, Pages: 468.
7. Шугуров М.В. Воздействие современного НТП на международно-правовое регулирование передачи технологий в целях устойчивого развития // Международное право. - 2015. - 2. - C. 53 - 90. DOI: 10.7256/2306-9899.2015.2.14771. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/wl/article_14771.html
8. Shugurov, M.V. (2015). Perspectives of international technology transfer in the TRIPS-plus era: problems and solutions. In: European Journal of Social and Human Sciences. Vol. 5(1): 48 – 57.
9. UNCTAD-ICTSD, (2000). Project on Intellectual property rights and sustainable development, Geneva. Available at http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/Intellectual%Property/IPRs-and-Sustainable-Development.asp
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11. Vivas-Euqui, D. and M.J. Oliva (2010). Biodiversity related intellectual provisions in Free Trade Agreements, ICTSD, Issue Paper No. 4, Pages: 39. Available at http://www.ictsd.org/downloads/2011/12/biodiversity_related-intellectual-property-provisions-in-free-trade-agreements.pdf.
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34. Deardorff, A.V. (1992). Welfare effects of global patent protection. In: Economica, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Vol. 59(233): 33-51.
35. Smith, P.J., 1999. Are weak patent rights a barrier to U.S. exports? In: Journal of International Economics, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., The Netherlands, Vol. 48(1): 151-177.
36. Butler J.S. and D.V. Gibson (2011). Introduction: technology transfer in global perspectives – issues for the twenty-first century. In: Butler, J.S. and D.V. Gibson (eds.). Global perspectives on technology transfer and commercialization: building innovative ecosystems, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, Pages: 432.
37. UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/Misc.5, 2001. Compendium of International Arrangements on Transfer of Technology. Selected Instruments. Relevant Provisions in Selected International Arrangements Pertaining to Transfer of Technology, Pages: 306. Available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/psiteipcm5.en.pdf.
38. Arora, A. (2009). Intellectual property rights and the international transfer of technology setting out an agenda for the empirical research in developing countries. In: The economics of intellectual property. Suggestions for further research in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. WIPO, Geneva, pp. 41 – 64. Available at http://www.wipo.int/freepublications/en/economics/1012/wipo_pub_1012.pdf .
39. Gutterman, A. and J. Erlich (1997). Technology development and transfer. Quorum Books, Westport, Conn, pp. 17 – 66.
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