Аннотация: This article reviews the ban on certain types of contracts by the antimonopoly legislation within the BRICS countries. The freedom of contract is a principle that is defined by the legal regulation, and limitations within it are extremely rare. The handling of the possible limitations to the freedom of contract is conducted by the antimonopoly authorities within the Russian legislation and legislation of the BRICS countries. The author comes to several conclusions, including that the antimonopoly legislation in all of the examined countries contains a number of limitations, and enacts bans regarding the subject of any type of agreements (contracts) that the companies sign. It is also concluded that the banned agreements can be legalized if their positive effects outweigh the negative consequences.
Ключевые слова: Antimonopoly legislation, separate agreements (contracts), principle of freedom of contract, collusion, conspiracy, lock-up agreements, monopolistic agreements, free market, binding contracts, exclusive contracts
Библиография:
The Competition Act № 12 of 2003. // The Gazette of India. Extraordinary. Part II-Section 1. No. 12. New Delhi, January 14, 2003 / Pausa 24, 1924 (Saka). URL: http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/The_competition_Act_2002.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 31.07.2014) i v red. na 3 dekabrya 2013 g. sm. po adresu http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/EN_ACT_2002_0014.PDF (data obrashcheniya: 31.07.2014)
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969. Tsit. po: Mozolin V.P. Zakonodatel'stvo o monopoliyakh i ogranichitel'noy torgovoy praktike. // Lichnost', pravo, ekonomika sovremennoy Indii. – M.: Nauka, 1979.-S. 167-171.
Sasha-Lee Afrika and Sascha-Dominik Bachmann. Cartel regulation in three emerging BRICS economies: cartel and competition policies in South Africa, Brazil, and India-a comparative overview. // The International Lawyer. A Quarterly Publication of the Aba/Section of International Law. Winter 2011, Vol. 45, Num. 4. P. 975-1003.
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Lei nº 8.884, de 11 de junho de 1994 (Lei de Defesa da Concorrência), que transforma o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (Cade) em Autarquia, dispõe sobre a prevenção e a repressão às infrações contra a ordem econômica e dá outras providências. // DOU de 13.6.1994. URL: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l8884.htm (05.10.2014).
Lei Nº 12.529, de 30 de Novembro de 2011, que “Estrutura o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência; dispõe sobre a prevenção e repressão às infrações contra a ordem econômica. // DOU de 1º.11.2011. URL: http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/_Ato2011-2014/2011/Lei/L12529.htm#art128 (data obrashcheniya: 01.09.2014).
By Liu Yang. Chinese competition policy. // Boletín Latinoamericano de Competencia, # 22, 2006. P. 25-31. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/blc (data obrashcheniya: 18.09.2014).
Competition Act, 1998 (Act No. 89 of October 1998, date of commencement of sections 1-3, 6, 11, 19-43, 78, 79 & 84 on 30 November 1998. The remaining sections of the Act commenced on 1 September 1999), as amended, 2009. // Government Gazette, 28 August 2009 No. 32533, Vol. 530. URL: http://www.compcom.co.za/assets/Files/pocket-book-2005-R.pdf i http://www.compcom.co.za/assets/Files/Competition-Amendment-Act.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 20.08.2014).
Belikova, Ksenia. General approaches of BRICS countries legislation and legal order to counteraction against lead-ing anticompetitive market strategies: the case of China, India, Russia and South Africa. // Bo-letín Latinoamericano de Competencia-Boletim Latino-Americano de Concorrência. Mayo 2014. N°35 – extra. P. 1-35. URL: http://lalibrecompetencia.com/boletin-latinoamericano-de-competencia/ 2014 (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2014).
Belikova, Ksenia. Concept and Different Types of Restrictive Business Practices in the Legal Orders of BRICS Countries (the Case of China, India, Russia and South Africa) (January 25, 2014). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2444669 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2444669.
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Amanda Visser. Appeal Lodged in Milk Cartel Case, FIN24 (Sept. 19, 2008, 07:32). URL: http://www.fin24. com/BusBusin/Appeal-lodged-in-milk-cartel-case-20080919 (accessed 12/03/2014).
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Svyadosts Yu.M. Regulirovanie ogranichitel'noy praktiki i vneshnetorgovye operatsii. // Vneshnyaya torgovlya. – 1989.-№ 7. – S. 43-46.
Tot'ev K.Yu. Konkurentsiya i monopoliya. Pravovye aspekty regulirovaniya. Uchebn. posobie. – M.: Yurist, 1996.-S. 79 i sl.
Ekonomicheskaya reforma v KNR. Preobrazovaniya v gorode 1985-1988: Dokumenty / Redkol.: Boni L.D., Danilov V.E. i dr. (Otv. red.); Per.: Adamova D.L., Balyuk I.A. i dr..; Red.: Svitkova V.S.-M.: Nauka, Vost. lit., 1993. – 312 c.
Zakon KNR «O protivodeystvii monopoliyam», prinyat 30 avgusta 2007 g. na 29 zasedanii Postoyannogo komiteta VSNP 10-go sozyva (Ukaz Predsedatelya KNR № 68). Per. Bazhanova P. URL: http://pavel.bazhanov.pro/files/China_Antimonopoly_Law_2007_Russian_translation.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 01.09.2014).
Kaz'min D., Fialko A., Nikol'skiy A. Ugolovnyy ugol'. // Vedomosti.-№ 2 (2768).-12.01.2011. URL: http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article/252948/ugolovnyj_ugol (data obrashcheniya: 24.08.2014), a takzhe sm. po adresu http://en.fas.gov.ru/news/news_31148.html.
Belikova K.M. Polozheniya pravovykh aktov i pravoprimenitel'naya praktika o gorizontal'nykh soglasheniyakh, ogranichivayushchikh torgovlyu, Evropeyskogo Soyuza i stran Yuzhnoamerikanskogo obshchego rynka – Argentiny, Brazilii i Peru. // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya. – 2006.-№ 1.-S. 31-42.
Belikova K.M. Pravoprimenitel'naya praktika Evropeyskogo Soyuza i stran Yuzhnoamerikanskogo obshchego rynka – Argentiny, Brazilii i Peru o vertikal'nykh soglasheniyakh, ogranichivayushchikh torgovlyu, na primere svyazyvayushchikh kontraktov, otkaza v prodazhe tovarov ili predostavlenii uslug i ustanovleniya tsen pereprodazhi. // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya. – 2006.-№ 3(6).-S. 77-89.
Eremenko V.I. Antimonopol'noe zakonodatel'stvo Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki. // Konkurentnoe pravo.-2012.-№ 1.-S. 23-28.
Zakon KNR o dogovorakh (prinyat 15.03.1999 g. na vtoroy sessii devyatogo sozyva VSNP). Ukaz Predsedatelya KNR № 15. / Per. s kit. Konsaltingovoy gruppy «Okno v Kitay». URL: http://www.legal-way.ru/civ02.php (data obrashcheniya: 18.09.2014) i Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted at the 2nd Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999 and promulgated by Order No. 15 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on March 15, 1999). URL: http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/11/content_1383564.htm (data obrashcheniya: 22.08.2014).
Zholobova G.A.. Mekhanizm pravovogo regulirovaniya torgovli spirtnymi napitkami v usloviyakh kazennoy vinnoy monopolii: k voprosu ob effektivnosti alkogol'noy politiki v Rossii na rubezhe XIX – XX vv. // Nalogi i nalogooblozhenie. – 2014. – № 7. – S. 688-708. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8688.2014.7.12320.
Zholobova G.A.. Zakon «O nekotorykh izmeneniyakh v poryadke otkrytiya aptek» 1912 g. v mekhanizme pravovogo regulirovaniya kommercheskoy farmatsevticheskoy deyatel'nosti Rossii kontsa XIX – nachala XX vv. // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – № 11. – S. 1357-1368. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.11.7707.
Vasil'ev A.V. Ekonomicheskaya politika sovremennykh gosudarstv i Rossii // NB: Ekonomika, trendy i upravlenie. — 2013.-№ 4.-S.60-87. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4595.2013.4.7056. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/etc/article_7056.html
Belikova K.M.. Istoricheskie, politicheskie i pravovye faktory ekonomicheskoy integratsii stran Evropy i Ameriki: retrospektiva i sovremennost' // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. – 2013. – № 2. – S. 134-151. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2013.02.5.
K.M. Belikova. Institutsional'naya struktura i istochniki prava ES i MERKOSUR: sravnitel'no-pravovoy aspekt // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations. – 2013. – № 1. – S. 78-91. DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2013.01.5.
Shmidt T.N. Teoretiko-pravovoe obosnovanie chrezvychaynogo
pravovogo regulirovaniya i doktrina
«isklyuchitel'nogo polozheniya» // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2013. - 9. - C. 1132 - 1140. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.9.9482.
References (transliteration):
The Competition Act № 12 of 2003. // The Gazette of India. Extraordinary. Part II-Section 1. No. 12. New Delhi, January 14, 2003 / Pausa 24, 1924 (Saka). URL: http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/actsbills/pdf/The_competition_Act_2002.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 31.07.2014) i v red. na 3 dekabrya 2013 g. sm. po adresu http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/EN_ACT_2002_0014.PDF (data obrashcheniya: 31.07.2014)
Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1969. Tsit. po: Mozolin V.P. Zakonodatel'stvo o monopoliyakh i ogranichitel'noy torgovoy praktike. // Lichnost', pravo, ekonomika sovremennoy Indii. – M.: Nauka, 1979.-S. 167-171.
Sasha-Lee Afrika and Sascha-Dominik Bachmann. Cartel regulation in three emerging BRICS economies: cartel and competition policies in South Africa, Brazil, and India-a comparative overview. // The International Lawyer. A Quarterly Publication of the Aba/Section of International Law. Winter 2011, Vol. 45, Num. 4. P. 975-1003.
Russia. Report of the Federal Antimonopoly Service on competition policy in 2012. 01, 2013. URL: http://en.fas.gov.ru/reports-and-analytics/reports-and-analytics_30982.html (data obrashcheniya: 12.03.2014).
Lei nº 8.884, de 11 de junho de 1994 (Lei de Defesa da Concorrência), que transforma o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (Cade) em Autarquia, dispõe sobre a prevenção e a repressão às infrações contra a ordem econômica e dá outras providências. // DOU de 13.6.1994. URL: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l8884.htm (05.10.2014).
Lei Nº 12.529, de 30 de Novembro de 2011, que “Estrutura o Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência; dispõe sobre a prevenção e repressão às infrações contra a ordem econômica. // DOU de 1º.11.2011. URL: http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/_Ato2011-2014/2011/Lei/L12529.htm#art128 (data obrashcheniya: 01.09.2014).
By Liu Yang. Chinese competition policy. // Boletín Latinoamericano de Competencia, # 22, 2006. P. 25-31. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/blc (data obrashcheniya: 18.09.2014).
Competition Act, 1998 (Act No. 89 of October 1998, date of commencement of sections 1-3, 6, 11, 19-43, 78, 79 & 84 on 30 November 1998. The remaining sections of the Act commenced on 1 September 1999), as amended, 2009. // Government Gazette, 28 August 2009 No. 32533, Vol. 530. URL: http://www.compcom.co.za/assets/Files/pocket-book-2005-R.pdf i http://www.compcom.co.za/assets/Files/Competition-Amendment-Act.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 20.08.2014).
Belikova, Ksenia. General approaches of BRICS countries legislation and legal order to counteraction against lead-ing anticompetitive market strategies: the case of China, India, Russia and South Africa. // Bo-letín Latinoamericano de Competencia-Boletim Latino-Americano de Concorrência. Mayo 2014. N°35 – extra. P. 1-35. URL: http://lalibrecompetencia.com/boletin-latinoamericano-de-competencia/ 2014 (data obrashcheniya: 11.05.2014).
Belikova, Ksenia. Concept and Different Types of Restrictive Business Practices in the Legal Orders of BRICS Countries (the Case of China, India, Russia and South Africa) (January 25, 2014). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2444669 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2444669.
Before the Competition Commission of India, New Delhi. Case No. 01 of 2009. Date of order: 25th May, 2011. URL: http://www.cci.gov.in/May2011/OrderOfCommission/FICCIOrder260511.pdf (accessed 12/03/2014).
Amanda Visser. Appeal Lodged in Milk Cartel Case, FIN24 (Sept. 19, 2008, 07:32). URL: http://www.fin24. com/BusBusin/Appeal-lodged-in-milk-cartel-case-20080919 (accessed 12/03/2014).
Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China, 2007. Tsit. po: Beloborodov M.V. Sravnitel'nyy analiz antimonopol'nogo regulirovaniya stran ATR. // Rossiya i ATR. – 2011.-№ 3. – S. 105-112. URL: http://www. riatr.ru/2011/3/105-112.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 01.09.2014).
Svyadosts Yu.M. Regulirovanie ogranichitel'noy praktiki i vneshnetorgovye operatsii. // Vneshnyaya torgovlya. – 1989.-№ 7. – S. 43-46.
Tot'ev K.Yu. Konkurentsiya i monopoliya. Pravovye aspekty regulirovaniya. Uchebn. posobie. – M.: Yurist, 1996.-S. 79 i sl.
Ekonomicheskaya reforma v KNR. Preobrazovaniya v gorode 1985-1988: Dokumenty / Redkol.: Boni L.D., Danilov V.E. i dr. (Otv. red.); Per.: Adamova D.L., Balyuk I.A. i dr..; Red.: Svitkova V.S.-M.: Nauka, Vost. lit., 1993. – 312 c.
Zakon KNR «O protivodeystvii monopoliyam», prinyat 30 avgusta 2007 g. na 29 zasedanii Postoyannogo komiteta VSNP 10-go sozyva (Ukaz Predsedatelya KNR № 68). Per. Bazhanova P. URL: http://pavel.bazhanov.pro/files/China_Antimonopoly_Law_2007_Russian_translation.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 01.09.2014).
Kaz'min D., Fialko A., Nikol'skiy A. Ugolovnyy ugol'. // Vedomosti.-№ 2 (2768).-12.01.2011. URL: http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article/252948/ugolovnyj_ugol (data obrashcheniya: 24.08.2014), a takzhe sm. po adresu http://en.fas.gov.ru/news/news_31148.html.
Belikova K.M. Polozheniya pravovykh aktov i pravoprimenitel'naya praktika o gorizontal'nykh soglasheniyakh, ogranichivayushchikh torgovlyu, Evropeyskogo Soyuza i stran Yuzhnoamerikanskogo obshchego rynka – Argentiny, Brazilii i Peru. // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya. – 2006.-№ 1.-S. 31-42.
Belikova K.M. Pravoprimenitel'naya praktika Evropeyskogo Soyuza i stran Yuzhnoamerikanskogo obshchego rynka – Argentiny, Brazilii i Peru o vertikal'nykh soglasheniyakh, ogranichivayushchikh torgovlyu, na primere svyazyvayushchikh kontraktov, otkaza v prodazhe tovarov ili predostavlenii uslug i ustanovleniya tsen pereprodazhi. // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya. – 2006.-№ 3(6).-S. 77-89.
Eremenko V.I. Antimonopol'noe zakonodatel'stvo Kitayskoy Narodnoy Respubliki. // Konkurentnoe pravo.-2012.-№ 1.-S. 23-28.
Zakon KNR o dogovorakh (prinyat 15.03.1999 g. na vtoroy sessii devyatogo sozyva VSNP). Ukaz Predsedatelya KNR № 15. / Per. s kit. Konsaltingovoy gruppy «Okno v Kitay». URL: http://www.legal-way.ru/civ02.php (data obrashcheniya: 18.09.2014) i Contract Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted at the 2nd Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999 and promulgated by Order No. 15 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on March 15, 1999). URL: http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/11/content_1383564.htm (data obrashcheniya: 22.08.2014).
Zholobova G.A.. Mekhanizm pravovogo regulirovaniya torgovli spirtnymi napitkami v usloviyakh kazennoy vinnoy monopolii: k voprosu ob effektivnosti alkogol'noy politiki v Rossii na rubezhe XIX – XX vv. // Nalogi i nalogooblozhenie. – 2014. – № 7. – S. 688-708. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8688.2014.7.12320.
Zholobova G.A.. Zakon «O nekotorykh izmeneniyakh v poryadke otkrytiya aptek» 1912 g. v mekhanizme pravovogo regulirovaniya kommercheskoy farmatsevticheskoy deyatel'nosti Rossii kontsa XIX – nachala XX vv. // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2013. – № 11. – S. 1357-1368. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.11.7707.
Vasil'ev A.V. Ekonomicheskaya politika sovremennykh gosudarstv i Rossii // NB: Ekonomika, trendy i upravlenie. — 2013.-№ 4.-S.60-87. DOI: 10.7256/2306-4595.2013.4.7056. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/etc/article_7056.html
Belikova K.M.. Istoricheskie, politicheskie i pravovye faktory ekonomicheskoy integratsii stran Evropy i Ameriki: retrospektiva i sovremennost' // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. – 2013. – № 2. – S. 134-151. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2013.02.5.
K.M. Belikova. Institutsional'naya struktura i istochniki prava ES i MERKOSUR: sravnitel'no-pravovoy aspekt // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations. – 2013. – № 1. – S. 78-91. DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2013.01.5.
Shmidt T.N. Teoretiko-pravovoe obosnovanie chrezvychaynogo
pravovogo regulirovaniya i doktrina
«isklyuchitel'nogo polozheniya» // Politika i Obshchestvo. - 2013. - 9. - C. 1132 - 1140. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2013.9.9482.