Аннотация: The research subject is the UN peacekeeping program “Responsibility to protect”. The author considers one of its components – the “responsibility to react” and its practical application during the events of the Arab Spring in Libya and Syria. Special attention is paid to the comparison of final documents of UN institutions (Security Council, different commissions, etc.) with the “Responsibility to protect” concept. The author points at the significant divergences between the theoretical part of the concept and its practical realization in particular situations. The author applies the method of historicism, comparative analysis, the method of conflictology, the information and political method and the behaviorist approach. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the identification of the place of the “Responsibility to protect” concept in the UN peacekeeping program in conflict settlement during the Arab Spring. Besides, the author reveals this concept’s role in armed conflicts in Libya and Syria since 2011 and defines the practical steps which had been taken within this program on the initial stages of these conflicts. 

Ключевые слова: humanitarian intervention, UN institutional mechanisms, the Arab Spring, "responsibility to protect", political process, armed intervention, political settlement of conflicts, United Nations Security Council, peacekeeping program, armed conflict

Библиография:
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry in Libya. 1 March 2012. UN document A/HRC/19/68.
Sovet Bezopasnosti. 6810-e zasedanie. 19 iyulya 2012 g. (Dok. OON S/PV/6810).
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. 1 June 2011.
Sovet Bezopasnosti. 6491-e zasedanie. 26 fevralya 2011 g. (Dok. OON S/PV/6491)
Rezolyutsiya 2118 Soveta Bezopasnosti OON S/RES/2118/2013 ot 27 sentyabrya 2013 g.
Rezolyutsiya 1973 Soveta Bezopasnosti OON S/RES/ 1973 ot 17 marta 2011 g.
Rezolyutsiya 2043 Soveta Bezopasnosti OON S/RES/2043/2012 ot 21 aprelya 2012 g.
Doklad Mezhdunarodnoy komissii po voprosam vmeshatel'stva i gosudarstvennomu suverenitetu «Otvetstvennost' po zashchite» (Dok. OON A/57/303). Prilozhenie k pis'mu Postoyannogo predstavitelya Kanady pri Organizatsii Ob'edinennykh Natsiy ot 26 iyulya 2002 g. na imya General'nogo Sekretarya
Doklad General'nogo sekretarya OON ot 6 iyulya 2012 g. ob osushchestvlenii rezolyutsii 2043 (2012) Soveta Bezopasnosti (Dok. OON S/2012/523).
Doklad General'nogo sekretarya OON Pan Gi Muna General'noy Assamblee 2009 g. «Vypolnenie obyazannosti zashchishchat'» (Dok. OON A/63/677 ot 12 yanvarya 2009 g.).
Khodynskaya-Golenishcheva M. Na pravil'noy storone istorii. Siriyskiy krizis v kontekste stanovleniya mnogopolyarnogo miroustroystva. M. 2015. S. 384.
Khodynskaya-Golenishcheva M. «Liviyskiy urok». Tsel' opravdyvaet sredstva? M. 2013. S. 256.
Sazonova K.L. Kontseptsiya «otvetstvennost' za zashchitu» v mirotvorcheskoy deyatel'nosti Organizatsii Ob'edinennykh Natsiy // Yuridicheskaya nauka. 2012. № 1. S. 96-100.
Situation of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic. Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council at its Seventeenth Special Session. 22 August 2011 // UN document S-17/1.
Security Council draft resolution. 4 October 2011. UN Document S/2011/612.
Security Council draft resolution. 4 February 2012. UN Document S/2012/77.
Statement of the Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide on situation on Syria, 20 December 2012.

References (transliteration):
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry in Libya. 1 March 2012. UN document A/HRC/19/68.
Sovet Bezopasnosti. 6810-e zasedanie. 19 iyulya 2012 g. (Dok. OON S/PV/6810).
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. 1 June 2011.
Sovet Bezopasnosti. 6491-e zasedanie. 26 fevralya 2011 g. (Dok. OON S/PV/6491)
Rezolyutsiya 2118 Soveta Bezopasnosti OON S/RES/2118/2013 ot 27 sentyabrya 2013 g.
Rezolyutsiya 1973 Soveta Bezopasnosti OON S/RES/ 1973 ot 17 marta 2011 g.
Rezolyutsiya 2043 Soveta Bezopasnosti OON S/RES/2043/2012 ot 21 aprelya 2012 g.
Doklad Mezhdunarodnoy komissii po voprosam vmeshatel'stva i gosudarstvennomu suverenitetu «Otvetstvennost' po zashchite» (Dok. OON A/57/303). Prilozhenie k pis'mu Postoyannogo predstavitelya Kanady pri Organizatsii Ob'edinennykh Natsiy ot 26 iyulya 2002 g. na imya General'nogo Sekretarya
Doklad General'nogo sekretarya OON ot 6 iyulya 2012 g. ob osushchestvlenii rezolyutsii 2043 (2012) Soveta Bezopasnosti (Dok. OON S/2012/523).
Doklad General'nogo sekretarya OON Pan Gi Muna General'noy Assamblee 2009 g. «Vypolnenie obyazannosti zashchishchat'» (Dok. OON A/63/677 ot 12 yanvarya 2009 g.).
Khodynskaya-Golenishcheva M. Na pravil'noy storone istorii. Siriyskiy krizis v kontekste stanovleniya mnogopolyarnogo miroustroystva. M. 2015. S. 384.
Khodynskaya-Golenishcheva M. «Liviyskiy urok». Tsel' opravdyvaet sredstva? M. 2013. S. 256.
Sazonova K.L. Kontseptsiya «otvetstvennost' za zashchitu» v mirotvorcheskoy deyatel'nosti Organizatsii Ob'edinennykh Natsiy // Yuridicheskaya nauka. 2012. № 1. S. 96-100.
Situation of Human Rights in the Syrian Arab Republic. Resolution Adopted by the Human Rights Council at its Seventeenth Special Session. 22 August 2011 // UN document S-17/1.
Security Council draft resolution. 4 October 2011. UN Document S/2011/612.
Security Council draft resolution. 4 February 2012. UN Document S/2012/77.
Statement of the Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide on situation on Syria, 20 December 2012.

Аннотация: Статья рассматривает правовой статус участников миротворческих операций ООН с точки зрения международного гуманитарного права. Целью исследования является политический и правовой анализ влияния положений международного гуманитарного права на все три компонента (военный, полицейский и гражданский) современных миротворческих операций и операций по принуждению к миру. Особое внимание уделяется положениям Женевских конвенций 1949 года и дополнительных протоколов к ним 1977 года. Анализ выявил отличителные черты миротворцев ООН как комбатантов и некомбатантов. При проведении исследования использовался комплекс методов, включающих специальные исторические методы, сравнительно-правовой, формально-правовой и политико-правовой методы. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что данная работа - первое англоязычное сравнение позиции российской доктрины международного права и иностранных доктрин по вопросу правового статуса миротворческих сил ООН в случае их участия в вооруженных конфликтах.

Ключевые слова: Geneva Conventions, non-combatants, combatants, right to life, applicability, international humanitarian law, peacekeeping operations, UN, Additional Protocols, armed conflict

Библиография:
Artsibasov I.N., Egorov S.A. Vooruzhennyy konflikt: pravo, politika, diplomatiya. – M: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1989. – 230 c.
Valeev P.M. Problemy kontrolya v mezhdunarodnom gumanitarnom prave // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. 2000. – SPb., 2000. – S. 113-115.
Gasser Kh.-P. Mezhdunarodno-pravovye normy, primenyaemye vo vremya voennykh deystviy, i nekotorye uroki, izvlechennye iz nedavnikh konfliktov // Moskovskiy zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava. – 1994. – № 3. – S. 28-38.
David E. Budushchee Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. – SPb., 2000. – S. 53-64.
David E. Printsipy prava vooruzhennykh konfliktov: Kurs lektsiy yuridicheskogo fakul'teta Otkrytogo Bryussel'skogo universiteta. – M.: MKKK, 2011. – 1144 s.
Dosval'd-Bek L., Vite S. Mezhdunarodnoe gumanitarnoe pravo i pravo prav cheloveka. – M.: MKKK, 2001. – 31 c.
Egorov S.A. Vooruzhennye konflikty i mezhdunarodnoe pravo. – M.: DA MID Rossii, 2003. – 413 c.
Zverev P.G. Voenno-grazhdanskoe sotrudnichestvo v operatsiyakh OON v pol'zu mira: vyzovy i dilemmy // Molodoy uchenyy. – 2014. – № 12 (71). – S. 209-211.
Kal'skhoven F. Ogranicheniya metodov i sredstv vedeniya voyny. – 2-e izd., ispr. – M.: MKKK, 1999. – 232 s.
Kapustin A.Ya. Pravovoy status Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. – SPb., 2003. – S. 17-26.
Kayumova A.R. Voennye prestupleniya v Rimskom statute Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. 2003. – SPb., 2003. – S. 63-68.
Svinarski K. Osnovnye ponyatiya i instituty mezhdunarodnogo gumanitarnogo prava kak sistema zashchity cheloveka. – M.: MKKK, 1997. – 72 s.
Tuzmukhamedov B.R. Primenimost' mezhdunarodnogo gumanitarnogo prava v usloviyakh voennykh operatsiy OON v pol'zu mira // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. 2001. – SPb., 2001. – S. 54-73.
Commentary on the Additional Protocols of June 8 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 / Eds. Y. Sandoz, S. Swinarski, B. Zimmermann. – Geneva: ICRC, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, Annexed to General Assembly resolution 3166 (XVIII) of 14 December 1973.
Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of certain Explosive Projectiles. Saint Petersburg, 29 November/11 December 1868.
Emanuelli S. Les actions militaires de reorganisation des Nations Unies et le droit international humanitaire. – Montreal: Wilson et Lafleur, 1995. – 112 p.
Kalin W. Human Rights in Times of Occupation: the Case of Kuwait. –Berne: Stampfli, 1994.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
Sheffer D.J. The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court // American Journal of International Law. – 1999. – № 1.
The UN Secretary-General Report A/53/501 of October 21, 1998

References (transliteration):
Artsibasov I.N., Egorov S.A. Vooruzhennyy konflikt: pravo, politika, diplomatiya. – M: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1989. – 230 c.
Valeev P.M. Problemy kontrolya v mezhdunarodnom gumanitarnom prave // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. 2000. – SPb., 2000. – S. 113-115.
Gasser Kh.-P. Mezhdunarodno-pravovye normy, primenyaemye vo vremya voennykh deystviy, i nekotorye uroki, izvlechennye iz nedavnikh konfliktov // Moskovskiy zhurnal mezhdunarodnogo prava. – 1994. – № 3. – S. 28-38.
David E. Budushchee Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. – SPb., 2000. – S. 53-64.
David E. Printsipy prava vooruzhennykh konfliktov: Kurs lektsiy yuridicheskogo fakul'teta Otkrytogo Bryussel'skogo universiteta. – M.: MKKK, 2011. – 1144 s.
Dosval'd-Bek L., Vite S. Mezhdunarodnoe gumanitarnoe pravo i pravo prav cheloveka. – M.: MKKK, 2001. – 31 c.
Egorov S.A. Vooruzhennye konflikty i mezhdunarodnoe pravo. – M.: DA MID Rossii, 2003. – 413 c.
Zverev P.G. Voenno-grazhdanskoe sotrudnichestvo v operatsiyakh OON v pol'zu mira: vyzovy i dilemmy // Molodoy uchenyy. – 2014. – № 12 (71). – S. 209-211.
Kal'skhoven F. Ogranicheniya metodov i sredstv vedeniya voyny. – 2-e izd., ispr. – M.: MKKK, 1999. – 232 s.
Kapustin A.Ya. Pravovoy status Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. – SPb., 2003. – S. 17-26.
Kayumova A.R. Voennye prestupleniya v Rimskom statute Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo suda // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. 2003. – SPb., 2003. – S. 63-68.
Svinarski K. Osnovnye ponyatiya i instituty mezhdunarodnogo gumanitarnogo prava kak sistema zashchity cheloveka. – M.: MKKK, 1997. – 72 s.
Tuzmukhamedov B.R. Primenimost' mezhdunarodnogo gumanitarnogo prava v usloviyakh voennykh operatsiy OON v pol'zu mira // Rossiyskiy ezhegodnik mezhdunarodnogo prava. Spetsial'nyy vypusk. 2001. – SPb., 2001. – S. 54-73.
Commentary on the Additional Protocols of June 8 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 / Eds. Y. Sandoz, S. Swinarski, B. Zimmermann. – Geneva: ICRC, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, Annexed to General Assembly resolution 3166 (XVIII) of 14 December 1973.
Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of certain Explosive Projectiles. Saint Petersburg, 29 November/11 December 1868.
Emanuelli S. Les actions militaires de reorganisation des Nations Unies et le droit international humanitaire. – Montreal: Wilson et Lafleur, 1995. – 112 p.
Kalin W. Human Rights in Times of Occupation: the Case of Kuwait. –Berne: Stampfli, 1994.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
Sheffer D.J. The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court // American Journal of International Law. – 1999. – № 1.
The UN Secretary-General Report A/53/501 of October 21, 1998

Аннотация: The problem of preserving the due level of security in Afghanistan remains topical, and keeps gaining topicality. To a great extent it is related to the intention of the USA and its allies to bring the military forces out of Afghanistan by 2014. There are worries, that after the US leaves Afghanistan, their place shall be occupied by the Taliban, them being the only real force capable of taking political power in the states. No one believes that the “puppet” regime of Hamid Karzai shall be capable of staying in power. If Afghanistan returns to the civil war situation, or yet again becomes controlled by the Taliban, it shall become a “gunpowder keg” for the region, where many states are balancing on the verge of falling apart even in current rather peaceful conditions (such as Kirgizstan and Tajikistan). In fact, many regional players are getting ready to the possible chaos in the region and the maneuvers within the frameworks of the OSCE and the SCO.

Ключевые слова: political science, ISAF, the USA, the Canada, Afghanistan, national security, foreign policy, international relations, conflict, national interests.

Контактная информация: Karpovich, Oleg Gennadievich, 101000, Moskva, Khlebnyi per., d. 2.

Библиография:
1. Vasil'ev A.M. P.S. Bol' Afganistana. // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. — 2010. — №2. — S. 44-46.
2. Afganistan i bezopasnost' Tsentral'noy Azii. Vyp. 3 / pod red. A.A. Knyazeva. — Bishkek, Dushanbe, 2006. — 330 s.
3. V. Kashin. Problema vyvoda voysk iz Afganistana sokhranyaet aktual'nost' // URL: http://www.ru.journal-neo.com
4. URL: http://www.thecanadianpress.com/
5. URL: http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/troops-ready-eager-for-new-overseas-missions-natynczyk-1.869823
6. URL: http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/army-struggling-to-retain-intelligence-capabilities-documents-reveal-1.1081494
7. URL: http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/18/afghanistan-will-descend-into-chaos-and-civil-war-unless-theinternational-
community-remains-committed-there-forum-panel/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter

References (transliteration):
1. Vasil'ev A.M. P.S. Bol' Afganistana. // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. — 2010. — №2. — S. 44-46.
2. Afganistan i bezopasnost' Tsentral'noy Azii. Vyp. 3 / pod red. A.A. Knyazeva. — Bishkek, Dushanbe, 2006. — 330 s.
3. V. Kashin. Problema vyvoda voysk iz Afganistana sokhranyaet aktual'nost' // URL: http://www.ru.journal-neo.com
4. URL: http://www.thecanadianpress.com/
5. URL: http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/troops-ready-eager-for-new-overseas-missions-natynczyk-1.869823
6. URL: http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/army-struggling-to-retain-intelligence-capabilities-documents-reveal-1.1081494
7. URL: http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/11/18/afghanistan-will-descend-into-chaos-and-civil-war-unless-theinternational-
community-remains-committed-there-forum-panel/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter