Аннотация: The article studies interstate contradictions caused by the use of transborder water resources in the Tigris River basin in the context of arid climate and the maldistribution of resources. In the context of hydrotechnic projects realization in the river basin, the author analyzes the development of the conflict of interests between littoral states based on the distribution of regional water resources. The article considers the dynamics of development of relations between Turkey (the head river state) and the states on the middle (Syria) and the lower course (Iraq, Iran), and Turkey’s policy aimed at the realization of large scale water projects on the Tigris River. The author notes that regional water resources serve both as a political pressure instrument and a military instrument.
The author applies the method of history and political science, the comparative method, component analysis and event-analysis to study the dynamics of development of water relations in the Tigris River basin. The author concludes that the addition of water contradictions to the ethno-confessional ones, territorial contradictions, Turkey’s egoistic water policy, along with the absence of multilateral basin agreement, lead to the worsening of political situation in the region. With account for a tense military and political situation, these factors can “explode” the region and destabilize the neighboring post-Soviet states.
Ключевые слова: Islamic state, political instability, climate change, water policy, basin agreement, hydrotechnic projects, hydroegoism, transborder water resources, interstate conflicts, international relations
Библиография:
Nauchno-informatsionnyy tsentr Mezhgosudarstvennoy koordinatsionnoy vodokhozyaystvennoy komissii Tsentral'noy Azii, Informatsionnyy sbornik № 43. Reki Blizhnego Vostoka. Tashkent, 2015, S.5.
Kurds, Iraqi and Syrian concerns over Turkish Ilisu Dam. // Peyamner.com, 03.07.2007.
Ilisu Dam. URL: www.mfa.gov.tr/grupa/aci/aci/acia/IlisuDam.htm
Aydin M., Ereker F. Water Scarcity and Political Wrangling: Security in the Euphrates and Tigris Basin//Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, Vol. 4, 2009, p 607
Kaya H. Hasankeyf is Kurdistan // Kurdish Observer, 15 September 2000.
World Bank releases Ilisu report // Kurdish Observer, 07 September 2000.
Turkey searches for GAP funding. // TDN, 9.09.1997.
Dogovor mezhdu Turtsiey i Irakom o druzhbe i dobrososedskikh otnosheniyakh ot 29 marta 1946 g.
FAO, Water treaties. Bilateral Agreement between Syria and Iraq concerning the installation of a Syrian pump station on the Tigris River for irrigation purposes, 2002. URL: http://faolex.fao.org/watertreaties/index.htm
Dr Latif J. Rashid. Rise the Euphrates. // Soma, No.6, 21.04.2006 – 04.05.2006.
National Security Archive, The Implications of the Iran-Iraq agreement. The Algiers Accord. URL: http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB167/01.pdf
Iran osuzhdaet zayavlenie o nedeystvitel'nosti Alzhirskogo soglasheniya. RIA Novosti, 26.12.2007. URL: http://ria.ru/world/20071226/94146659.html
Ekstremisty polnost'yu zakhvatili krupneyshuyu v Irake plotinu v rayone Mosula. Informatsionnoe agentstvo TASS. URL: http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1369094
Sayt Prezidenta Rossii. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50385
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Russkiy sayt BBC. URL: http://www.bbc.com/russian/news/2016/03/160302_iraq_dam_trevi
Krutikov E. V IGIL nashli sposob razom unichtozhit' polmilliona chelovek // Delovaya gazeta «Vzglyad», 2.03.2016
Konventsiya o prave nesudokhodnykh vidov ispol'zovaniya mezhdunarodnykh vodotokov, 1997 g. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/watercrs.shtml
Mosaki N.Z. Esli araby vladeyut neft'yu, to turki vladeyut vodoy. // Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18.01.2005.
Altunişik M., Martin L. Making Sense of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under AKP / Turkish Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2011. pp. 569-587.
Compilation of International Treaties and Other Documents Relative to the Euphrates and Tigris, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, 2012. p. 36.
Frenken K. Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures: AQUASTAT survey-2008. FAO Water Rep. 34, 2009. p. 230.
Hatami H., Gleick P. Chronology of conflict over water in the legends, myths, and history of the ancient Middle East. Water, war, and peace in the Middle East // Environment 36(3): 6. – 1994. p. 6.
Jongerden J. Dams and Politics in Turkey: Utilizing water, developing conflict. // Middle East Policy Council, Spring 2010, Volume XVII, Number 1. p.142.
Kibaroglu A. An analysis of Turkey’s water diplomacy and its evolving position vis-à-vis international water law // Water International, Volume 40, Issue 1, 2015. 16 p.
Tsakalidou I. The Great Anatolian Project: Is Water Management a Panacea or Crisis Multiplier for Turkey’s Kurds? // New Security Beat, 5 August 2013. URL: https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2013/08/great-anatolian-project-water-management-panacea-crisis-multiplier-turkeys-kurds/
Wolf A., Priscoli J. Managing and transforming water conflicts. Cambridge University Press. 341 p.
References (transliteration):
Nauchno-informatsionnyy tsentr Mezhgosudarstvennoy koordinatsionnoy vodokhozyaystvennoy komissii Tsentral'noy Azii, Informatsionnyy sbornik № 43. Reki Blizhnego Vostoka. Tashkent, 2015, S.5.
Kurds, Iraqi and Syrian concerns over Turkish Ilisu Dam. // Peyamner.com, 03.07.2007.
Ilisu Dam. URL: www.mfa.gov.tr/grupa/aci/aci/acia/IlisuDam.htm
Aydin M., Ereker F. Water Scarcity and Political Wrangling: Security in the Euphrates and Tigris Basin//Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, Vol. 4, 2009, p 607
Kaya H. Hasankeyf is Kurdistan // Kurdish Observer, 15 September 2000.
World Bank releases Ilisu report // Kurdish Observer, 07 September 2000.
Turkey searches for GAP funding. // TDN, 9.09.1997.
Dogovor mezhdu Turtsiey i Irakom o druzhbe i dobrososedskikh otnosheniyakh ot 29 marta 1946 g.
FAO, Water treaties. Bilateral Agreement between Syria and Iraq concerning the installation of a Syrian pump station on the Tigris River for irrigation purposes, 2002. URL: http://faolex.fao.org/watertreaties/index.htm
Dr Latif J. Rashid. Rise the Euphrates. // Soma, No.6, 21.04.2006 – 04.05.2006.
National Security Archive, The Implications of the Iran-Iraq agreement. The Algiers Accord. URL: http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB167/01.pdf
Iran osuzhdaet zayavlenie o nedeystvitel'nosti Alzhirskogo soglasheniya. RIA Novosti, 26.12.2007. URL: http://ria.ru/world/20071226/94146659.html
Ekstremisty polnost'yu zakhvatili krupneyshuyu v Irake plotinu v rayone Mosula. Informatsionnoe agentstvo TASS. URL: http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/1369094
Sayt Prezidenta Rossii. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50385
Pipes D. War as Social Work? // New York Post, May 6, 2003.
Russkiy sayt BBC. URL: http://www.bbc.com/russian/news/2016/03/160302_iraq_dam_trevi
Krutikov E. V IGIL nashli sposob razom unichtozhit' polmilliona chelovek // Delovaya gazeta «Vzglyad», 2.03.2016
Konventsiya o prave nesudokhodnykh vidov ispol'zovaniya mezhdunarodnykh vodotokov, 1997 g. URL: http://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/watercrs.shtml
Mosaki N.Z. Esli araby vladeyut neft'yu, to turki vladeyut vodoy. // Nezavisimaya gazeta, 18.01.2005.
Altunişik M., Martin L. Making Sense of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle East under AKP / Turkish Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2011. pp. 569-587.
Compilation of International Treaties and Other Documents Relative to the Euphrates and Tigris, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Heidelberg, 2012. p. 36.
Frenken K. Irrigation in the Middle East region in figures: AQUASTAT survey-2008. FAO Water Rep. 34, 2009. p. 230.
Hatami H., Gleick P. Chronology of conflict over water in the legends, myths, and history of the ancient Middle East. Water, war, and peace in the Middle East // Environment 36(3): 6. – 1994. p. 6.
Jongerden J. Dams and Politics in Turkey: Utilizing water, developing conflict. // Middle East Policy Council, Spring 2010, Volume XVII, Number 1. p.142.
Kibaroglu A. An analysis of Turkey’s water diplomacy and its evolving position vis-à-vis international water law // Water International, Volume 40, Issue 1, 2015. 16 p.
Tsakalidou I. The Great Anatolian Project: Is Water Management a Panacea or Crisis Multiplier for Turkey’s Kurds? // New Security Beat, 5 August 2013. URL: https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2013/08/great-anatolian-project-water-management-panacea-crisis-multiplier-turkeys-kurds/
Wolf A., Priscoli J. Managing and transforming water conflicts. Cambridge University Press. 341 p.
Рус
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