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Filippov V.R..
Congo-Brazzaville in the "Françafrique" networks
// International relations. – 2016. – № 2.
– С. 155-162.
DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2016.2.19426.
рубрика ПРОБЛЕМЫ ВОЙНЫ И МИРА
DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2016.2.19426
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Аннотация: Using the method of historical reconstruction, the author clears up the causes and the nature of the 1997 civil war in the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), one of the bloodiest conflicts on the African continent for the entire post-colonial period. Comprehensive analysis of historical sources, including media sources materials, memoirs of participants of the events and investigative journalism allow ascertaining the motives and the goals of all parties to the conflict in this cruel confrontation. Special attention is paid to elucidating the role of France and some African countries (such as Gabon, Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the outbreak of the Civil War in the Republic of the Congo; to the specific manifestations of the geopolitical doctrine of "Françafrique" in the internal conflict in a sovereign country. The research methodology is based on the system, structural and functional and comparative-political approaches, the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and observation. This article demonstrates the role of the French secret services, the lobbyist networks of Charles Pasqua and the oil company "Elf" in the establishment of dictatorial regimes of Fulbert Youlou and Denis Sassou Nguesso and the assassination of the President Marien Ngouabi, in the organization of the coup and the 1997 civil war inciting. The author concludes that the interference of the Elysee Palace in the internal affairs of the Republic of the Congo was conditioned by the will to preserve the allegiance of the Congo-Brazzaville from the former metropolitan country, to gain unconditional preferences in the development of the oil deposits of the Gulf of Guinea and to ensure military and political dominance in the strategically important region. The study is funded by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (RHSF), Project number 15-01-00363 , "External interference in the internal affairs of the Third World countries in the period of the Cold War: the experience of a multi-level analysis ".
Ключевые слова: diplomacy, international relations, global instability, world politics, global information space, France, interests, state, security, risks
Библиография:
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue — http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Filippov V.R. De Goll' u kolybeli «Fransafrik» // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2015. № 1. S. 50-62.
Konovalov I.P. Voennye operatsii Frantsii v Afrike — http://coollib.com/b/303689
Verschave F.X. La Françafrique. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 — http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique.
Bernault F. Démocraties ambiguës en Afrique centrale: Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, 1940-1965. Éditions Karthala, 1996. P. 278.
Fulbert Youlou — http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Fulbert_Youlou.aspx
Boutet R. Les trois glorieuses ou la chute de Fulbert Youlou. Éditions Chaka, 1990. P. 21.
Boutet R. Les trois glorieuses ou la chute de Fulbert Youlou. Éditions Chaka, 1990. P. 82, 93.
Pays du monde: Congo-Brazzaville // Encyclopédie Bordas. Mémoires du XXe siècle. Édition 1995. Tome 17. «1960-1969».
Nandjui P. Houphouët-Boigny: l’homme de la France en Afrique, Paris, éditions L’Harmattan, 1995.
Brykin V.A. Diplomatiya novoy Afriki — http://art-of-diplomacy.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000001/st003.shtml
Bazenguissa-Ganga R. Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique. Karthala, 1997. P. 68.
Villafaña F. Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967. Transaction Publishers, 2009.
Gaulle de, Philippe . Mémoires accessoires. T. 2. 1947 — 1979. Paris, 2000. P. 144.
Youlou F. J’accuse la Chine. Congo, Hors collection, La Table Ronde. 1966. 256 p.
Boman P. Fulbert Youlou // Le Guide suprême: Petit dictionnaire des dictateurs. Éditions Ginkgo, 2008. P. 226.
Foccart J. Journal de l’Élysée. V 1. Tous les soirs avec de Gaulle (1965-1967). Fayard, 1997. P. 342.
Azizyan A.K. Leninskaya natsional'naya politika v dey stvii M., Nauka. 1972. S. 332.
Les origines de la JMNR — http://www.congopage.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=2323&view=next
Gleijeses P. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Bambi J.G. Chronologie des principaux faits et évènements au Congo. Brazzaville, 1988.
Marien Ngouabi: Les petits secrets d’un odieux assassinat — http://www.dac-presse.com/actualites/a-la-une/politique/811-marien-ngouabi-les-petits-secrets-dun-odieux-assassinat.html
Pambou J.-J. B.50 ans d’histoire du Congo en un coup d’œil (1960-1975) — http://jeanjacquespambou.unblog.fr/2010/08/15/50-ans-dhistoire-du-congo/
Congo leader dies in attempted coup — https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19770321&id=XAxiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7OYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4462,7355810&hl=ru
Noble Kenneth B. Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model —http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/world/congo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html
L’Enigme du 18 Mars 1977 — http://www.congovision.com/forum/enigme_brazza.html
Gabon president Omar Bongo Ondimba dies — http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/
Filippov V.R. Politika Frantsii v Gabone // Pravo i politika. 2016. № 1. S. 71-82.
Kitsimbou X. La democratie et les realites ethniquves au Congo — https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/168467/filename/THESE.pdf
Moudilou J.G. Le complot contre Marien Ngouabi (Suite 1) — http://www.mampouya.com/article-le-complot-contremarien-ngouabi-suite-1-47015668.html
Kuznetsov L. «Dikie gusi» na mutnoy vode. M., Molodaya gvardiya. 1980.
Zay tsev A.S. Pyat' let v «stolitse svobodnoy Frantsii»-http://www.nhat-nam.ru/vietnamwar/memory35.html
Geveling G. K teorii razvitiya tranzitnykh form organizatsii vlasti v stranakh Afriki // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. 2005. № 9. S. 26.
Republic of Congo Civil War — http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/congo-b.htm
Congo — http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=37®ionSelect=2-Southern_Africa#
Congo Ninja leader dies, aged 76 — http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8359087.stm
Republic of Congo Civil War — http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/congo-b.htm
Verschave F.X. Le Crime Continue. 2000. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 — http://survie.org/publications/livres/article/le-crime-continue
«El'f» poputal — http://www.itogi.ru/archive/2001/6/124059.html
Kompaniya «Elf» pokupala prezidentov pachkami — http://izvestia.ru/news/283772
Zubov N. Frantsiya prodolzhaet «doit'» kolonii v Afrike — http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1761267
Jaigu Ch. L’affaire Bourgi laisse l’Élysée perplexe — http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2011/09/12/01002-20110912ARTFIG00670-l-affaire-bourgilaisse-l-elysee-perplexe.php
Péan P. La République des mallettes-Enquête sur la principauté française de non-droit. P., Fayard. 2011.
Manoy lo A.V. Paradigmy upravleniya mezhdunarodnymi konfliktami: konkurentsiya ili konfrontatsiya. // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene. 2011. № 5. S. 135-142.
Manoy lo A.V. Rol' tsvetnykh revolyutsiy v demontazhe sovremennykh politicheskikh rezhimov // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene. — 2014. — № 3. — S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.3.12058
Manoy lo A.V. Politicheskie konflikty v mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh i mirovoy politike. //Mir i Politika. 2013. № 2. S. 71-82.
Filippov V.R. Tay naya voy na Frantsii v Biafre // Politika i Obshchestvo. — 2016. — 3. — C. 285 — 300. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2016.3.18323.
Karyakin V.V. Politicheskaya mediametriya: kniga o tom, kak chetvertaya vlast' pravit mirom. // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2016. — 1. — C. 86 — 89. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2016.1.17755.
Ivanov S.M. Separatizm — estestvennyy protsess ili ugroza natsional'noy i mezhdunarodnoy bezopasnosti? // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2016. — 1. — C. 62 — 71. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2016.1.17856.
Denchev S., Pavlova M. Tsvetnye revolyutsii: Kto smeshivaet kraski i kto khudozhnik? // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2016. — 1. — C. 5 — 10. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2016.1.18498.
Aryamova A.D. Posledstviya tsvetnykh revolyutsiy i rol' Rossii v preodolenii blizhnevostochnogo i ukrainskogo krizisa // Trendy i upravlenie. — 2016. — 1. — C. 90 — 95. DOI: 10.7256/2307-9118.2016.1.17447.
Karpovich O.G. Separatizm i separatistskie dvizheniya v sovremennom mire (na primere Bel'gii i Velikobritanii): sravnitel'nyy analiz // Pravo i politika. — 2016. — 4. — C. 449 — 457. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2016.4.18693.
Karyakin V.V. Definitsiya i paradigmy geopoliticheskogo issledovaniya // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2015. — 4. — C. 382 — 394. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2015.4.17442.
Lasariya A.O. Novey shiy etap formirovaniya abkhazskoy gosudarstvennosti // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2015. — 4. — C. 430 — 435. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2015.4.17156.
References (transliteration):
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue — http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Filippov V.R. De Goll' u kolybeli «Fransafrik» // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. 2015. № 1. S. 50-62.
Konovalov I.P. Voennye operatsii Frantsii v Afrike — http://coollib.com/b/303689
Verschave F.X. La Françafrique. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 — http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique.
Bernault F. Démocraties ambiguës en Afrique centrale: Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, 1940-1965. Éditions Karthala, 1996. P. 278.
Fulbert Youlou — http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Fulbert_Youlou.aspx
Boutet R. Les trois glorieuses ou la chute de Fulbert Youlou. Éditions Chaka, 1990. P. 21.
Boutet R. Les trois glorieuses ou la chute de Fulbert Youlou. Éditions Chaka, 1990. P. 82, 93.
Pays du monde: Congo-Brazzaville // Encyclopédie Bordas. Mémoires du XXe siècle. Édition 1995. Tome 17. «1960-1969».
Nandjui P. Houphouët-Boigny: l’homme de la France en Afrique, Paris, éditions L’Harmattan, 1995.
Brykin V.A. Diplomatiya novoy Afriki — http://art-of-diplomacy.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000001/st003.shtml
Bazenguissa-Ganga R. Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique. Karthala, 1997. P. 68.
Villafaña F. Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967. Transaction Publishers, 2009.
Gaulle de, Philippe . Mémoires accessoires. T. 2. 1947 — 1979. Paris, 2000. P. 144.
Youlou F. J’accuse la Chine. Congo, Hors collection, La Table Ronde. 1966. 256 p.
Boman P. Fulbert Youlou // Le Guide suprême: Petit dictionnaire des dictateurs. Éditions Ginkgo, 2008. P. 226.
Foccart J. Journal de l’Élysée. V 1. Tous les soirs avec de Gaulle (1965-1967). Fayard, 1997. P. 342.
Azizyan A.K. Leninskaya natsional'naya politika v dey stvii M., Nauka. 1972. S. 332.
Les origines de la JMNR — http://www.congopage.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=2323&view=next
Gleijeses P. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Bambi J.G. Chronologie des principaux faits et évènements au Congo. Brazzaville, 1988.
Marien Ngouabi: Les petits secrets d’un odieux assassinat — http://www.dac-presse.com/actualites/a-la-une/politique/811-marien-ngouabi-les-petits-secrets-dun-odieux-assassinat.html
Pambou J.-J. B.50 ans d’histoire du Congo en un coup d’œil (1960-1975) — http://jeanjacquespambou.unblog.fr/2010/08/15/50-ans-dhistoire-du-congo/
Congo leader dies in attempted coup — https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19770321&id=XAxiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7OYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4462,7355810&hl=ru
Noble Kenneth B. Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model —http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/world/congo-political-conference-gives-africa-a-democratic-model.html
L’Enigme du 18 Mars 1977 — http://www.congovision.com/forum/enigme_brazza.html
Gabon president Omar Bongo Ondimba dies — http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/
Filippov V.R. Politika Frantsii v Gabone // Pravo i politika. 2016. № 1. S. 71-82.
Kitsimbou X. La democratie et les realites ethniquves au Congo — https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/168467/filename/THESE.pdf
Moudilou J.G. Le complot contre Marien Ngouabi (Suite 1) — http://www.mampouya.com/article-le-complot-contremarien-ngouabi-suite-1-47015668.html
Kuznetsov L. «Dikie gusi» na mutnoy vode. M., Molodaya gvardiya. 1980.
Zay tsev A.S. Pyat' let v «stolitse svobodnoy Frantsii»-http://www.nhat-nam.ru/vietnamwar/memory35.html
Geveling G. K teorii razvitiya tranzitnykh form organizatsii vlasti v stranakh Afriki // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. 2005. № 9. S. 26.
Republic of Congo Civil War — http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/congo-b.htm
Congo — http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=37®ionSelect=2-Southern_Africa#
Congo Ninja leader dies, aged 76 — http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8359087.stm
Republic of Congo Civil War — http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/congo-b.htm
Verschave F.X. Le Crime Continue. 2000. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 — http://survie.org/publications/livres/article/le-crime-continue
«El'f» poputal — http://www.itogi.ru/archive/2001/6/124059.html
Kompaniya «Elf» pokupala prezidentov pachkami — http://izvestia.ru/news/283772
Zubov N. Frantsiya prodolzhaet «doit'» kolonii v Afrike — http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1761267
Jaigu Ch. L’affaire Bourgi laisse l’Élysée perplexe — http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/2011/09/12/01002-20110912ARTFIG00670-l-affaire-bourgilaisse-l-elysee-perplexe.php
Péan P. La République des mallettes-Enquête sur la principauté française de non-droit. P., Fayard. 2011.
Manoy lo A.V. Paradigmy upravleniya mezhdunarodnymi konfliktami: konkurentsiya ili konfrontatsiya. // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene. 2011. № 5. S. 135-142.
Manoy lo A.V. Rol' tsvetnykh revolyutsiy v demontazhe sovremennykh politicheskikh rezhimov // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene. — 2014. — № 3. — S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.3.12058
Manoy lo A.V. Politicheskie konflikty v mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh i mirovoy politike. //Mir i Politika. 2013. № 2. S. 71-82.
Filippov V.R. Tay naya voy na Frantsii v Biafre // Politika i Obshchestvo. — 2016. — 3. — C. 285 — 300. DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2016.3.18323.
Karyakin V.V. Politicheskaya mediametriya: kniga o tom, kak chetvertaya vlast' pravit mirom. // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2016. — 1. — C. 86 — 89. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2016.1.17755.
Ivanov S.M. Separatizm — estestvennyy protsess ili ugroza natsional'noy i mezhdunarodnoy bezopasnosti? // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2016. — 1. — C. 62 — 71. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2016.1.17856.
Denchev S., Pavlova M. Tsvetnye revolyutsii: Kto smeshivaet kraski i kto khudozhnik? // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2016. — 1. — C. 5 — 10. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2016.1.18498.
Aryamova A.D. Posledstviya tsvetnykh revolyutsiy i rol' Rossii v preodolenii blizhnevostochnogo i ukrainskogo krizisa // Trendy i upravlenie. — 2016. — 1. — C. 90 — 95. DOI: 10.7256/2307-9118.2016.1.17447.
Karpovich O.G. Separatizm i separatistskie dvizheniya v sovremennom mire (na primere Bel'gii i Velikobritanii): sravnitel'nyy analiz // Pravo i politika. — 2016. — 4. — C. 449 — 457. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2016.4.18693.
Karyakin V.V. Definitsiya i paradigmy geopoliticheskogo issledovaniya // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2015. — 4. — C. 382 — 394. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2015.4.17442.
Lasariya A.O. Novey shiy etap formirovaniya abkhazskoy gosudarstvennosti // Konfliktologiya / nota bene. — 2015. — 4. — C. 430 — 435. DOI: 10.7256/2409-8965.2015.4.17156.