Правильная ссылка на статью:
Filippov V.R..
Genocide in Rwanda: the role of France
// International relations. – 2015. – № 2.
– С. 134-148.
DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2015.2.13714.
рубрика АКТУАЛЬНЫЙ ВОПРОС
DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2015.2.13714
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Аннотация: There is a tradition in Russian and foreign African studies to interpret genocide in Rwanda in 1994 as
an irrational “interethnic conflict” between Tutsi and Hutu. But if we omit the ethnic connotations of the reasons
of the massacre, it becomes clear that the powerful political actors stood behind its immediate participants and
executors. Tutsis’ attack from Uganda on Rwanda’s territory, inspired by the US special services, was considered
in Paris as American invasion in France’s sphere of interests. The methodology of the research is based on the system,
structural-functional, comparative-historical, comparative-political, geopolitical and cultural-civilizational approaches,
and the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling, and observation. The documents
show that the strengthening of Tutsis’ positions, in the opinion of the Elysee Palace, threatened with the weakening
of France’s positions on the Black continent in general. And the USA considered Rwanda as a bridge-head for invasion
into Tropical Africa: the Americans were aimed at rich Zaire (the DRC). Here we should look for the reasons of
a humanitarian crisis both in Rwanda and in the whole region.
Ключевые слова: international relations, foreign policy, Rwanda, France, genocide, Françafrique, conflict, interests, values, security.
Библиография:
Chetvertyy ezhegodnyy doklad Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo tribunala po Ruande – http://www.mup-info.com/mup/sites/all/themes/newspro/docs/MTR1999.pdf
Vrtanesyan K., Palyan A. Genotsid v Ruande // Akty genotsida v istorii chelovechestva – http://www.genocide.ru/lib/genocides/rwanda.htm
Guardian: Obvinyaemyy v genotside v Ruande poluchil pozhiznennoe zaklyuchenie // Vzglyad. 2008. 19 dekabrya.
Organizatory genotsida v Ruande poluchili pozhiznennyy srok – http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/international/2011/12/111221_rwanda_genocide_verdict.shtml
Frantsiya obvinila glavu Ruandy v genotside-strany razorvali dipotnosheniya – http://www.newsru.com/world/26nov2006/ruand.html
Frantsiya ne priznala obvineniy Ruandy v genotside tutsi – http://lenta.ru/news/2008/08/06/rwanda/
Portyakova N. Ruanda spisala genotsid na Frantsiyu i gotova doyti do Gaagi – Kommersant'. №138 (3955). 2008. 07 avgusta.
Balmasov S. Frantsiya protivitsya svoemu razoblacheniyu – http://www.pravda.ru/world/restofworld/africa/29-09-2011/1093361-ruand-0/
Makarova I. Genotsid v Ruande: v chem vina Frantsii? – http://www.russian.rfi.fr/frantsiya/20140407-genotsid-v-ruande-v-chem-vina-frantsii
Ruanda obvinila Frantsiyu v uchastii v genotside 1994 goda – http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=1450905
Prem'er-ministr Frantsii otritsaet uchastie strany v genotside v Ruande –
http://ria.ru/world/20140408/1003056389.html
Sm.: Soldatov A. Tutsi protiv khutu: dos'e na natsional'nyy konflikt – http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/russia/people/soldatov/tutsihutu/
Filippov V.R. «Sovetskaya teoriya etnosa». Istoriograficheskiy ocherk. M., In-t Afriki RAN. 2010.
Bromley Yu.V. Etnos i etnografiya. M., 1973.
Ruanda // Narody mira. Istoriko-etnograficheskiy spravochnik. M., Sov. entsiklopediya. 1988. S. 375-376.
Mukhamatulin T. V Ruande otmechayut 20 let s nachala strashnogo genotsida, unesshego zhizni milliona chelovek http://www.gazeta.ru/science/2014/04/07_a_5982057.shtml
Holy L. Social Stratification in Rwanda / Social Stratification in Tribal Africa. Praga, 1968.
Ruanda: pamyat' o genotside – http://ru.euronews.com/2014/04/11/rwanda-blood-ties/
Ravanello O. Rwanda : une honte française http://fr.news.yahoo.com/blogs/ravanello/rwanda-une-honte-francaise-164043366.html
Madsen W. Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa 1993-1999. African Studies. L., Edwin Mellen Pr. 1999.
Balmasov S. Kak tutsi Pol' Kagame vyrezal million khutu, a Bill Klinton sdelal tutsi «zhertvami genotsida»-http://scander11.livejournal.com/143038.html
Verschave F.X. Le Crime Continue. 2000. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 – http://survie.org/publications/livres/article/le-crime-continue
Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/
days of slaughter – http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughter.html
Manoylo A.V. Gl. 16. Politicheskie konflikty. S. 363-390. V uch. posobii: Sovremennaya rossiyskaya politika: Uchebnoe posobie. / pod obshchey red. V.I. Kovalenko. M.: Izd. Mosk. Un-ta, 2013. 472 s.
Dallaire R. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. Random House, Canada. 2003.
Pan Gi Mun: OON stydno za genotsid 1994 goda v Ruande –http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/international/2014/04/140407_rwanda_genocide_anniversary.shtml
France rejects Rwanda's Habyarimana extradition bid – http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15095003
Vdova eks-prezidenta Ruandy osvobozhdena pod zalog vo Frantsii – http://news.mail.ru/politics/3458887/
Gourevitch Ph. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families. N.Y., Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1998.
Vo Frantsii arestovan uchastnik genotsida v Ruande – http://www.mk.ru/politics/world/news/2014/04/10/1012445-vo-frantsii-arestovan-uchastnik-genotsida-v-ruande-unesshego-zhizni-1-mln-chelovek.html
Makarova A. Genotsid v Ruande: v chem vina Frantsii? – http://www.russian.rfi.fr/frantsiya/20140407-genotsid-v-ruande-v-chem-vina-frantsii
Polisar P. Inside France's Dgse: The General Directorate for External Security. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. P.18
Frantsiyu vinyat v prichastnosti k genotsidu v Ruande – http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/international/newsid_6082000/6082570.stm
Ndagijimana J.-M. V. Amagambo numvanye abayobozi ba FPR-Inkotanyi akamfasha gusobanukirwa – http://www.france-rwanda.info/pages/amagambo-numvanye-abayobozi-ba-fpr-inkotanyi-akamfasha-gusobanukirwa-8747683.html
Dupaquier J.-F. Rwanda: Un autre document implique Paris dans le génocide des Tutsis http://umuvugizi.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/rwanda-un-autre-document-implique-paris-dans-le-genocide-des-tutsis/
Klinton B. Moya zhizn'. Al'pina Pablisher. 2005. S. 681.
Dupaquier J.-F. Politiques, militaires et mercenaires français au Rwanda. Chronique d’une désinformation. Karthala, 2014.
Jean-François Dupaquier: «Sur le Rwanda, la classe politique française nous désinforme depuis vingt ans. C’est intolérable»-http://afrikarabia2.blogs.courrierinternational.com/archive/2014/05/05/jean-francois-dupaquier-sur-le-rwanda-la-classe-politique-fr-49888.html
Shlenskaya S.M. Respublika Ruanda. Spravochnik. M., 2012. S. 13.
Mezyaev A. Zabytyy tribunal, ili Mif o genotside v Ruande
http://www.dejanlucic.net/Rus/genocid_u_RUANDI_RUSKI.html
Eko U. Imya rozy. M., 1989. S.
Derrida J. Y-a-t-il des états-voyous? // Le Monde Diplomatique. 2003. Janvier. 10. P. 10.
Karpovich O.G. Konflikty tsivilizatsiy: aktual'nye problemy // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 1. - C. 62 - 67. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.1.9000.
O. G. Karpovich Format upravleniya mezhdunarodnymi
konfliktami SShA i ES v sovremennykh
mirotvorcheskikh operatsiyakh // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 88 - 99.
References (transliteration):
Chetvertyy ezhegodnyy doklad Mezhdunarodnogo ugolovnogo tribunala po Ruande – http://www.mup-info.com/mup/sites/all/themes/newspro/docs/MTR1999.pdf
Vrtanesyan K., Palyan A. Genotsid v Ruande // Akty genotsida v istorii chelovechestva – http://www.genocide.ru/lib/genocides/rwanda.htm
Guardian: Obvinyaemyy v genotside v Ruande poluchil pozhiznennoe zaklyuchenie // Vzglyad. 2008. 19 dekabrya.
Organizatory genotsida v Ruande poluchili pozhiznennyy srok – http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/international/2011/12/111221_rwanda_genocide_verdict.shtml
Frantsiya obvinila glavu Ruandy v genotside-strany razorvali dipotnosheniya – http://www.newsru.com/world/26nov2006/ruand.html
Frantsiya ne priznala obvineniy Ruandy v genotside tutsi – http://lenta.ru/news/2008/08/06/rwanda/
Portyakova N. Ruanda spisala genotsid na Frantsiyu i gotova doyti do Gaagi – Kommersant'. №138 (3955). 2008. 07 avgusta.
Balmasov S. Frantsiya protivitsya svoemu razoblacheniyu – http://www.pravda.ru/world/restofworld/africa/29-09-2011/1093361-ruand-0/
Makarova I. Genotsid v Ruande: v chem vina Frantsii? – http://www.russian.rfi.fr/frantsiya/20140407-genotsid-v-ruande-v-chem-vina-frantsii
Ruanda obvinila Frantsiyu v uchastii v genotside 1994 goda – http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=1450905
Prem'er-ministr Frantsii otritsaet uchastie strany v genotside v Ruande –
http://ria.ru/world/20140408/1003056389.html
Sm.: Soldatov A. Tutsi protiv khutu: dos'e na natsional'nyy konflikt – http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/russia/people/soldatov/tutsihutu/
Filippov V.R. «Sovetskaya teoriya etnosa». Istoriograficheskiy ocherk. M., In-t Afriki RAN. 2010.
Bromley Yu.V. Etnos i etnografiya. M., 1973.
Ruanda // Narody mira. Istoriko-etnograficheskiy spravochnik. M., Sov. entsiklopediya. 1988. S. 375-376.
Mukhamatulin T. V Ruande otmechayut 20 let s nachala strashnogo genotsida, unesshego zhizni milliona chelovek http://www.gazeta.ru/science/2014/04/07_a_5982057.shtml
Holy L. Social Stratification in Rwanda / Social Stratification in Tribal Africa. Praga, 1968.
Ruanda: pamyat' o genotside – http://ru.euronews.com/2014/04/11/rwanda-blood-ties/
Ravanello O. Rwanda : une honte française http://fr.news.yahoo.com/blogs/ravanello/rwanda-une-honte-francaise-164043366.html
Madsen W. Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa 1993-1999. African Studies. L., Edwin Mellen Pr. 1999.
Balmasov S. Kak tutsi Pol' Kagame vyrezal million khutu, a Bill Klinton sdelal tutsi «zhertvami genotsida»-http://scander11.livejournal.com/143038.html
Verschave F.X. Le Crime Continue. 2000. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 – http://survie.org/publications/livres/article/le-crime-continue
Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/
days of slaughter – http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughter.html
Manoylo A.V. Gl. 16. Politicheskie konflikty. S. 363-390. V uch. posobii: Sovremennaya rossiyskaya politika: Uchebnoe posobie. / pod obshchey red. V.I. Kovalenko. M.: Izd. Mosk. Un-ta, 2013. 472 s.
Dallaire R. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. Random House, Canada. 2003.
Pan Gi Mun: OON stydno za genotsid 1994 goda v Ruande –http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/international/2014/04/140407_rwanda_genocide_anniversary.shtml
France rejects Rwanda's Habyarimana extradition bid – http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15095003
Vdova eks-prezidenta Ruandy osvobozhdena pod zalog vo Frantsii – http://news.mail.ru/politics/3458887/
Gourevitch Ph. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families. N.Y., Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1998.
Vo Frantsii arestovan uchastnik genotsida v Ruande – http://www.mk.ru/politics/world/news/2014/04/10/1012445-vo-frantsii-arestovan-uchastnik-genotsida-v-ruande-unesshego-zhizni-1-mln-chelovek.html
Makarova A. Genotsid v Ruande: v chem vina Frantsii? – http://www.russian.rfi.fr/frantsiya/20140407-genotsid-v-ruande-v-chem-vina-frantsii
Polisar P. Inside France's Dgse: The General Directorate for External Security. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003. P.18
Frantsiyu vinyat v prichastnosti k genotsidu v Ruande – http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/international/newsid_6082000/6082570.stm
Ndagijimana J.-M. V. Amagambo numvanye abayobozi ba FPR-Inkotanyi akamfasha gusobanukirwa – http://www.france-rwanda.info/pages/amagambo-numvanye-abayobozi-ba-fpr-inkotanyi-akamfasha-gusobanukirwa-8747683.html
Dupaquier J.-F. Rwanda: Un autre document implique Paris dans le génocide des Tutsis http://umuvugizi.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/rwanda-un-autre-document-implique-paris-dans-le-genocide-des-tutsis/
Klinton B. Moya zhizn'. Al'pina Pablisher. 2005. S. 681.
Dupaquier J.-F. Politiques, militaires et mercenaires français au Rwanda. Chronique d’une désinformation. Karthala, 2014.
Jean-François Dupaquier: «Sur le Rwanda, la classe politique française nous désinforme depuis vingt ans. C’est intolérable»-http://afrikarabia2.blogs.courrierinternational.com/archive/2014/05/05/jean-francois-dupaquier-sur-le-rwanda-la-classe-politique-fr-49888.html
Shlenskaya S.M. Respublika Ruanda. Spravochnik. M., 2012. S. 13.
Mezyaev A. Zabytyy tribunal, ili Mif o genotside v Ruande
http://www.dejanlucic.net/Rus/genocid_u_RUANDI_RUSKI.html
Eko U. Imya rozy. M., 1989. S.
Derrida J. Y-a-t-il des états-voyous? // Le Monde Diplomatique. 2003. Janvier. 10. P. 10.
Karpovich O.G. Konflikty tsivilizatsiy: aktual'nye problemy // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 1. - C. 62 - 67. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.1.9000.
O. G. Karpovich Format upravleniya mezhdunarodnymi
konfliktami SShA i ES v sovremennykh
mirotvorcheskikh operatsiyakh // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2012. - 1. - C. 88 - 99.