Аннотация: The solution of the question “what is human” was not a trivial task for the philosophy. But outside the philosophical context, nontriviality of the aforementioned question manifests at the stage of perception of the essence of interrogation, particularly as a result of the inherent specificity of formulation. The presented question in essence is an abstract interrogation about the “abstract-universal”, the idea of which until today does not have an unambiguous and generally recognized definition. The article analyzes separate aspects of the problematic of search for the answer to one of the fundamental philosophical questions of modernity – “what is human?” The author attempts to actualize the philosophical-anthropological discourse in the part of metaphysical dimension of human nature. During the course of conceptualization of the narrative of the Holy Scripture, we can trace the foundation of the alternative vector in determination of the essence “human”. The original approach towards reading the text of the Holy Scripture serves as the impulse for actualization of the metaphysical aspect of the scientific discourse regarding the “problem of human”. The notion of “possibility” in the presented by the author interpretation, is able to perform the functions of the connecting link between the basic concepts of such scientific disciplines as philosophy, sociology, political science, etc.

Ключевые слова: God-likeness, Creation, Creation, “Human in general”, Human, Individual, Human essence, Ontology, Possibility, Holy Scripture

Библиография:
Merlo-Ponti M. Fenomenologiya vospriyatiya / Per. s fr. pod red. I. S. Vdovinoy, S. L. Fokina. – SPb.: Yuventa; Nauka, 1999. – 608 c. S.7
Markov B.V. Filosofskaya antropologiya: ocherki istorii i teorii / Oformlenie oblozhki A. Oleksenko, S Shapiro. — SPb.: Izdatel'stvo «Lan'», 1997 — 384 s.
Losev A. F. Zarozhdenie nominalisticheskoy dialektiki srednevekov'ya. Erigena i Abelyar // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik '88. Vyp. 3. – M.: Nauka, 1988.
Leont'ev D. A. Voskhozhdenie k ekzistentsial'nomu miroponimaniyu // Tret'ya Vserossiyskaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya po ekzistentsial'noy psikhologii: Materialy soobshcheniy / Pod red. D. A. Leont'eva. – M.: Smysl, 2007. URL: http://institut.smysl.ru/article/alte.php (data obrashcheniya:13.01.2016)
Lektorskiy V.A. Filosofiya, obshchestvo znaniya i perspektivy cheloveka URL: http://vphil.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=186 (data obrashcheniya:13.01.2016).
Epifaniy Kiprskiy, svyat. Slovo yakornoe. [Gl.] 55. Ch. 6. URL: http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Epifanij_Kiprskij/slovo-jakornoe/ (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2015).
Aristotel'. O chastyakh zhivotnykh. Perevod s grecheskogo vstupitel'naya stat'ya i primechaniya V.P.Karpova. Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo biologicheskoy i meditsinskoy literatury. 1937.
Vysheslavtsev B.P. Vechnoe v russkoy filosofii. N'yu-York: Izd-vo im.Chekhova, 1955.-302s.
Nikolay Kuzanskiy, Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. Tom 1. M.: «Mysl'» (FN, t.80) — 1979. — 488 s.
Platon. Sobranie sochineniy v 4 t. T. 2/Obshch. red. A. F. Loseva, V. F. Asmusa, A. A. Takho-Godi; Primech. A. F. Loseva i A. A. Takho-Godi; Per. s drevnegrech.— M.: Mysl', 1993.— 528 s— (Filos. nasledie)
Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii: Perevody/Sost. i poslesl. P. S. Gurevicha; Obshch. red. Yu. N. Popova.-M.: Progress, 1988.
Sv. Grigoriy Nisskiy. Ob ustroenii cheloveka. URL: http://www.vehi.net/nissky/nissky.html (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2015).
Sekst Empirik. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. T. 1. Vstupit. stat'ya i per. s drevnegrech. A. F. Loseva. M., «Mysl'», 1976. 399 s. (AN SSSR. In-t filosofii. Filos. nasledie).
Sekst Empirik. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. Obshch. red. A. F. Loseva. Per. s drevnegrech. T. 2. M., «Mysl'», 1976.
Skirbekk G., Gil'e N. Istoriya filosofii: Ucheb. posobie dlya stud. vyssh. ucheb, zavedeniy.-M.: VLADOS, 2000.
Suini M. Lektsii po srednevekovoy filosofii. Vypusk 1. Srednevekovaya khristianskaya filosofiya Zapada. – M.: Greko-latinskiy kabinet Yu. A. Shichalina, 2001.
Feyerbakh L. Sochineniya: V 2 t. Per. s nem. / In-t filosofii.-M.: Nauka, 1995. T.2.-425 s. (Pamyatniki filosofskoy mysli).
Foma Akvinskiy. O sushchem i sushchnosti (Perevod V. Kurapovoy) // Istoriko-filos. ezhegodnik. 1988. 1988. Vyp. 3. 1-383.
Et'en Zhil'son. Izbrannoe. Tom 1. Tomizm. Vvedenie v filosofiyu sv. Fomy Akvinskogo. M.; SPb.: Universitetskaya kniga, 1999. 496 s. – (Kniga sveta).
Yum D. Sochineniya v 2 t. T.1 / Per. s angl. S.I. Tsereteli i dr.; Vstup. st. A.F.Gryaznova; Primech. I.S.Narskogo.-2-e izd., dopoln. i ispr.-M.: Mysl', 1996.-733, [2] s., 1 l. portr.
Yannaras Kh. Vera Tserkvi: Vvedenie v pravoslavnoe bogoslovie. – M.: Tsentr po izucheniyu religiy, 1992. URL: http://www.golden-ship.ru/load/cerkov_zemnaja_i_nebesnaja/vera_cerkvi_jannaras_khristos/45-1-0-1047 (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2015).

References (transliteration):
Merlo-Ponti M. Fenomenologiya vospriyatiya / Per. s fr. pod red. I. S. Vdovinoy, S. L. Fokina. – SPb.: Yuventa; Nauka, 1999. – 608 c. S.7
Markov B.V. Filosofskaya antropologiya: ocherki istorii i teorii / Oformlenie oblozhki A. Oleksenko, S Shapiro. — SPb.: Izdatel'stvo «Lan'», 1997 — 384 s.
Losev A. F. Zarozhdenie nominalisticheskoy dialektiki srednevekov'ya. Erigena i Abelyar // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik '88. Vyp. 3. – M.: Nauka, 1988.
Leont'ev D. A. Voskhozhdenie k ekzistentsial'nomu miroponimaniyu // Tret'ya Vserossiyskaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya po ekzistentsial'noy psikhologii: Materialy soobshcheniy / Pod red. D. A. Leont'eva. – M.: Smysl, 2007. URL: http://institut.smysl.ru/article/alte.php (data obrashcheniya:13.01.2016)
Lektorskiy V.A. Filosofiya, obshchestvo znaniya i perspektivy cheloveka URL: http://vphil.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=186 (data obrashcheniya:13.01.2016).
Epifaniy Kiprskiy, svyat. Slovo yakornoe. [Gl.] 55. Ch. 6. URL: http://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Epifanij_Kiprskij/slovo-jakornoe/ (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2015).
Aristotel'. O chastyakh zhivotnykh. Perevod s grecheskogo vstupitel'naya stat'ya i primechaniya V.P.Karpova. Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo biologicheskoy i meditsinskoy literatury. 1937.
Vysheslavtsev B.P. Vechnoe v russkoy filosofii. N'yu-York: Izd-vo im.Chekhova, 1955.-302s.
Nikolay Kuzanskiy, Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. Tom 1. M.: «Mysl'» (FN, t.80) — 1979. — 488 s.
Platon. Sobranie sochineniy v 4 t. T. 2/Obshch. red. A. F. Loseva, V. F. Asmusa, A. A. Takho-Godi; Primech. A. F. Loseva i A. A. Takho-Godi; Per. s drevnegrech.— M.: Mysl', 1993.— 528 s— (Filos. nasledie)
Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii: Perevody/Sost. i poslesl. P. S. Gurevicha; Obshch. red. Yu. N. Popova.-M.: Progress, 1988.
Sv. Grigoriy Nisskiy. Ob ustroenii cheloveka. URL: http://www.vehi.net/nissky/nissky.html (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2015).
Sekst Empirik. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. T. 1. Vstupit. stat'ya i per. s drevnegrech. A. F. Loseva. M., «Mysl'», 1976. 399 s. (AN SSSR. In-t filosofii. Filos. nasledie).
Sekst Empirik. Sochineniya v dvukh tomakh. Obshch. red. A. F. Loseva. Per. s drevnegrech. T. 2. M., «Mysl'», 1976.
Skirbekk G., Gil'e N. Istoriya filosofii: Ucheb. posobie dlya stud. vyssh. ucheb, zavedeniy.-M.: VLADOS, 2000.
Suini M. Lektsii po srednevekovoy filosofii. Vypusk 1. Srednevekovaya khristianskaya filosofiya Zapada. – M.: Greko-latinskiy kabinet Yu. A. Shichalina, 2001.
Feyerbakh L. Sochineniya: V 2 t. Per. s nem. / In-t filosofii.-M.: Nauka, 1995. T.2.-425 s. (Pamyatniki filosofskoy mysli).
Foma Akvinskiy. O sushchem i sushchnosti (Perevod V. Kurapovoy) // Istoriko-filos. ezhegodnik. 1988. 1988. Vyp. 3. 1-383.
Et'en Zhil'son. Izbrannoe. Tom 1. Tomizm. Vvedenie v filosofiyu sv. Fomy Akvinskogo. M.; SPb.: Universitetskaya kniga, 1999. 496 s. – (Kniga sveta).
Yum D. Sochineniya v 2 t. T.1 / Per. s angl. S.I. Tsereteli i dr.; Vstup. st. A.F.Gryaznova; Primech. I.S.Narskogo.-2-e izd., dopoln. i ispr.-M.: Mysl', 1996.-733, [2] s., 1 l. portr.
Yannaras Kh. Vera Tserkvi: Vvedenie v pravoslavnoe bogoslovie. – M.: Tsentr po izucheniyu religiy, 1992. URL: http://www.golden-ship.ru/load/cerkov_zemnaja_i_nebesnaja/vera_cerkvi_jannaras_khristos/45-1-0-1047 (data obrashcheniya: 16.05.2015).

Аннотация: The article explores the attitude of Paul Kurtz (1925-2012), who is considered by many to be the father of the secular humanist movement, towards philosophical critique of the scientific methodology and humanistic values. The author analyzes Paul Kurtz’ understanding and interpretation of the works of such philosophers as Søren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, Thomas Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan, and his counter-arguments used against the following concepts: radical subjectivism, irrationalism, anti-humanism and philosophical pessimism. In her research Ponochevnaya has used the methods that are usually used in humanitarian disciplines. These methods include the comparative historical, conceptual problematic, classification and system-forming methods. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that for the first time in the academic literature the researcher conducts a fundamental analysis of Paul Kurtz' views on the key issues of existential and post-modern philosophy. The main conclusion of the research is the definition of ideological contradictions between humanistic and pragmatistic traditions, on the one hand, and philosophy of existentialism and philosophy of French post-modernism, on the other hand. 

Ключевые слова: subjectivism, anti-humanism, Martin Heidegger, Soren Kierkegaard, Paul Kurtz, secular humanism, postmodernism, pragmatism, anthropology, irrationalism

Библиография:
Kurtts P. Gumanizm i skeptitsizm – paradigmy kul'tury tret'ego tysyacheletiya // Zdravyy Smysl, №17, 2000 g.
Kurtts P. Iskushenie potustoronnim. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 1999 (vpervye opublikovano na angliyskom yazyke v 1987 g.)
Deklaratsiya svetskogo gumanizma // Sovremennyy gumanizm: dokumenty i issledovaniya. Pod obshch. red. Kuvakina V. A., Kruglova A. G. M.: RGO, 2000
Dekomb V. Sovremennaya frantsuzskaya filosofiya. M.: Ves' mir, 2000.
Kun T. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy. M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo ACT», 2003
Guseynov A.A. Perestroyka: novyy obraz morali // Eticheskaya mysl'. M.: Respublika, 1990.
Gurevich P.S. Chelovek kak ob'ekt sotsial'no-filosofskogo analiza // Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Progress, 1988. S. 504-517;
Adorno T.V. Posle Osventsima // Negativnaya dialektika. M.: Nauchnyy mir, 2003, s. 322-333.
Sheehan T. Heidegger and the Nazis // The New York Review of Books V.35, N.10, June 16, 1988 (primechanie k stat'e №5) < http://nybooks.com/articles/archives/1988/jun/16/heidegger–and–the–nazis/ >
Madigan Timothy J. Introduction to Part Two // Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Ed.by Vern L. Bullough and Timothy J. Madigan, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994
Kurtz P. Toward a New Enlightenment // Toward A New Enlightenment. Transaction Publishers, 1994
Kurtz P. The Relevance of Science to Ethics // Toward A New Enlightenment. Transaction Publishers, 1994
Kurtz P. Kierkegaard, Existentialism, and the Contemporary Scene // The Antioch Review, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1961-1962), pp. 471-487
Kurtz P. Antiscience Paradigm // Skepticism and Humanism. The New Paradigm. Transaction Publishers, 2001.
Geroulanos S. Slaughterbench of Humanisms: The 1987 Heidegger Affair in Intellectual-Historical Perspective // Journal of French Philosophy, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2007.
Farias V. Heidegger and Nazism. Temple University Press, 1989
Ferry L., Alain R. French Philosophy of the Sixties. An Essay on Antihumanism. Amherst. The University of Massachusetts Press, 1990 (vpervye opublikovano na frantsuzskom yazyke v 1985 g.)
Dawkins, Richard. Postmodernism Disrobed // Nature. 1998. Vol. 394. P. 141-143 < http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/dawkins.html >
Kurtts P. Muzhestvo stat': Dobrodeteli gumanizma. M.: Rossiyskoe gumanisticheskoe obshchestvo, 2000
Kurtts P. Novyy skeptitsizm: Issledovanie i nadezhnoe znanie. M.: Nauka, 2005
Lamont M. Kak stat' samym vazhnym filosofom: sluchay Derrida. «Logos» №4-5 (72). 2009, S. 3-42 (vpervye opublikovano na angliyskom yazyke v 1987 g.).
Lenel'-Lavastin A. Zabytyy fashizm: Ionesko, Eliade, Choran. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2007
Ponochevnaya I. D. Svetskiy gumanizm i religioznyy konservatizm v SShA // Religiovedenie-2014.-№ 2.-S. 125-133
Ponochevnaya I. D. U istokov svetskogo gumanizma Vestnik SPbGU (seriya 6). // Izd-vo S.-Peterb. gos. un-ta, 2014
Sartr Zh.P. Ekzistentsializm – eto gumanizm // Sumerki bogov. M.: Politizdat, 1990. S. 319-344.
Sokal A. Brinkmon Zh. Intellektual'nye ulovki, M.: Dom intellektual'noy knigi, 2002 (vpervye opublikovano na angliyskom yazyke v 1997 g.)
Solzhenitsyn A. Raskolotyy mir. Rech' na assamblee vypusknikov Garvardskogo universiteta 8 iyunya 1978 g. // Russkoe vozrozhdenie. Parizh; M.; N'yu-York, 1978. № 2. S. 85—109. Tsit. po materialam sayta «Samizdat» < http://antology.igrunov.ru/authors/solzh/1121759601.html >
Feyerabend P. Protiv metodologicheskogo prinuzhdeniya // Izbrannye trudy po metodologii nauki. M.: Progress, 1986
Fuko M. Intellektualy i vlast': Izbrannye politicheskie stat'i, vystupleniya i interv'yu. Chast' 2. M.: Praksis, 2005.
Khaydegger M. Pis'mo o gumanizme // Vremya i bytie: Stat'i i vystupleniya: Per. s nem. M.: Respublika, 1993. S. 192-201.
Chernyy Yu. Yu. Sovremennyy gumanizm (obzor) // M.: INION RAN «Filosofiya v XX veke. Ch. 2», 2001

References (transliteration):
Kurtts P. Gumanizm i skeptitsizm – paradigmy kul'tury tret'ego tysyacheletiya // Zdravyy Smysl, №17, 2000 g.
Kurtts P. Iskushenie potustoronnim. M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 1999 (vpervye opublikovano na angliyskom yazyke v 1987 g.)
Deklaratsiya svetskogo gumanizma // Sovremennyy gumanizm: dokumenty i issledovaniya. Pod obshch. red. Kuvakina V. A., Kruglova A. G. M.: RGO, 2000
Dekomb V. Sovremennaya frantsuzskaya filosofiya. M.: Ves' mir, 2000.
Kun T. Struktura nauchnykh revolyutsiy. M.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo ACT», 2003
Guseynov A.A. Perestroyka: novyy obraz morali // Eticheskaya mysl'. M.: Respublika, 1990.
Gurevich P.S. Chelovek kak ob'ekt sotsial'no-filosofskogo analiza // Problema cheloveka v zapadnoy filosofii. M.: Progress, 1988. S. 504-517;
Adorno T.V. Posle Osventsima // Negativnaya dialektika. M.: Nauchnyy mir, 2003, s. 322-333.
Sheehan T. Heidegger and the Nazis // The New York Review of Books V.35, N.10, June 16, 1988 (primechanie k stat'e №5) < http://nybooks.com/articles/archives/1988/jun/16/heidegger–and–the–nazis/ >
Madigan Timothy J. Introduction to Part Two // Toward a New Enlightenment: The Philosophy of Paul Kurtz. Ed.by Vern L. Bullough and Timothy J. Madigan, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994
Kurtz P. Toward a New Enlightenment // Toward A New Enlightenment. Transaction Publishers, 1994
Kurtz P. The Relevance of Science to Ethics // Toward A New Enlightenment. Transaction Publishers, 1994
Kurtz P. Kierkegaard, Existentialism, and the Contemporary Scene // The Antioch Review, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1961-1962), pp. 471-487
Kurtz P. Antiscience Paradigm // Skepticism and Humanism. The New Paradigm. Transaction Publishers, 2001.
Geroulanos S. Slaughterbench of Humanisms: The 1987 Heidegger Affair in Intellectual-Historical Perspective // Journal of French Philosophy, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2007.
Farias V. Heidegger and Nazism. Temple University Press, 1989
Ferry L., Alain R. French Philosophy of the Sixties. An Essay on Antihumanism. Amherst. The University of Massachusetts Press, 1990 (vpervye opublikovano na frantsuzskom yazyke v 1985 g.)
Dawkins, Richard. Postmodernism Disrobed // Nature. 1998. Vol. 394. P. 141-143 < http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/dawkins.html >
Kurtts P. Muzhestvo stat': Dobrodeteli gumanizma. M.: Rossiyskoe gumanisticheskoe obshchestvo, 2000
Kurtts P. Novyy skeptitsizm: Issledovanie i nadezhnoe znanie. M.: Nauka, 2005
Lamont M. Kak stat' samym vazhnym filosofom: sluchay Derrida. «Logos» №4-5 (72). 2009, S. 3-42 (vpervye opublikovano na angliyskom yazyke v 1987 g.).
Lenel'-Lavastin A. Zabytyy fashizm: Ionesko, Eliade, Choran. M.: Progress-Traditsiya, 2007
Ponochevnaya I. D. Svetskiy gumanizm i religioznyy konservatizm v SShA // Religiovedenie-2014.-№ 2.-S. 125-133
Ponochevnaya I. D. U istokov svetskogo gumanizma Vestnik SPbGU (seriya 6). // Izd-vo S.-Peterb. gos. un-ta, 2014
Sartr Zh.P. Ekzistentsializm – eto gumanizm // Sumerki bogov. M.: Politizdat, 1990. S. 319-344.
Sokal A. Brinkmon Zh. Intellektual'nye ulovki, M.: Dom intellektual'noy knigi, 2002 (vpervye opublikovano na angliyskom yazyke v 1997 g.)
Solzhenitsyn A. Raskolotyy mir. Rech' na assamblee vypusknikov Garvardskogo universiteta 8 iyunya 1978 g. // Russkoe vozrozhdenie. Parizh; M.; N'yu-York, 1978. № 2. S. 85—109. Tsit. po materialam sayta «Samizdat» < http://antology.igrunov.ru/authors/solzh/1121759601.html >
Feyerabend P. Protiv metodologicheskogo prinuzhdeniya // Izbrannye trudy po metodologii nauki. M.: Progress, 1986
Fuko M. Intellektualy i vlast': Izbrannye politicheskie stat'i, vystupleniya i interv'yu. Chast' 2. M.: Praksis, 2005.
Khaydegger M. Pis'mo o gumanizme // Vremya i bytie: Stat'i i vystupleniya: Per. s nem. M.: Respublika, 1993. S. 192-201.
Chernyy Yu. Yu. Sovremennyy gumanizm (obzor) // M.: INION RAN «Filosofiya v XX veke. Ch. 2», 2001

Аннотация: In their article Koptseva and Kistova have touched upon the following topics and issues: Russian ethnocultural and national identities, mechanisms of construction of national identity, basic approaches to social construction of ethnic and national identity including concepts offered by Franz Boas, Ernest Gellner, Wilhelm Muhlman, Sergey Shirokogorov, Lev Gumilev and other philosophers, importance of the ethnographic approach and ‘interpretative hermeneutics’ of Wilhelm Dilthey for philosophical construction of Russian national identity, mechanisms of transformation of ethnocultural identity into national identity, representative cultural texts containing codes, signs and symbols that may initiative the processes of formation of Russian national identity when being perceived by a recipient, analysis of categories and concepts, ethnographic approach, Wilhelm Dilthey’s ‘interpretative hermeneutics’, integrative methodological strategy, Peter Berger’s and Thomas Luckmann’s theory of social construction and concepts of the symbolic production of ethnicity offered by Fredrik Barth, V. S. Malakhov and V. A. Tishkov. The authors have analyzed and classified the basic approaches to social construction of ethnocultural and national identity and offer their own integrative methodological strategy that combines the ethnographic approach and Wilhelm Dilthey’s ‘interpretative hermeneutics’. The authors have also described some mechanisms of construction of Russian national identity by the means of transformation of ethnocultural identity and proven the role of representative cultural texts in the process of formation of Russian national identity.

Ключевые слова: philosophy, ethnocultural identity, general national identity, social construction, ethnographic approach, ‘interpretative hermeneutics’, Wilhelm Dilthey, mechanisms of social construction, cultural texts, methodological strategy.

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Reznikova K.V. Sotsial'noe konstruirovanie obshchenatsional'noy identichnosti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii: avtoref. dis. ... kand. filosof. nauk: 09.00.11.-Krasnoyarsk, 2012.– 20 s.
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Shirokogorov S.M. Etnos. Issledovaniya osnovnykh printsipov izmeneniya etnicheskikh i etnograficheskikh yavleniy. – M.: Kafedra sotsiologii mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy sotsiologicheskogo fakul'teta MGU, 2010.
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V. M. Rozin Problema identichnosti v kontekste novogo egoizma // Politika i obshchestvo. - 2012. - 1. - C. 119 - 128.

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V. M. Rozin Problema identichnosti v kontekste novogo egoizma // Politika i obshchestvo. - 2012. - 1. - C. 119 - 128.

Аннотация: The author of the article analyzes various approaches to the gender and post-humanism issues in Russian philosophy and socio-scientific literature. According to the author, the main reason of the appearance of such researches is both the fundamental changes that have taken place in the Russian society and development of the humanities which create the need in viewing the aforesaid issues from the point of view of social science and philosophy. The author of the article describes the five stages of formation and development of this scientific discipline in Russia. This allows to better understand the main tasks of Russian gender researches at different stages of their development. The main research methods used by the author include the comparative and dialectic methods as well as the ideas and principles of the systems approach. The author makes an assumption that the post-humanism concept appeared in Russian science at the fifth stage of the development of gender researches as a result of the Russian society entering the age of universal informatization and globalization processes. The present article is focused on the ideas of Russian cosmists which were continued in Russian trans-humanism. According to the author of the article, one of the main dangers of the modern society is the deindividuation of human and the blurring of distinctions between man and woman. Nanotechnologies are seen as a bright example and proof of the aforesaid statement. The results of the author’s analysis show that gender issues are now losing its importance and often ignored by researchers. The post-humanism ideas are aimed at existence beyond humanism, in other words, human body falls outside personality and gender. For this reason, the author offers a new concept of creating ‘post-humanist’ gender relations.

Ключевые слова: gender research, post-humanism, trans-humanist movement, cosmism, nanotechnologies, network society, post-human, social constructivism, natural epistemology, society.

Контактная информация: Danielyan Naira Vladimirovna, 124498, Russia, Moscow, Zelenograd, proezd 4806, 5.

Библиография:
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Women in Russia: A new era in Russian feminism./ Ed. by A.Posadskaya and oth. London; N.Y.: Verso, 1994. 216 p.
http://www.transhumanism-russia.r

References (transliteration):
Alekseeva I.Yu., Arshinov V.I., Cheklentsov V.V. “Tekhnolyudi” protiv “postlyudey”: NBIKS-revolyutsiya i budushchee cheloveka.// Voprosy filosofii. №3. M., 2013. S.12-21.
Beklemyshev V.I., Balabanov V.I., Abramyan A.A. Osnovy prikladnoy nanotekhnologii: Monografiya./ Pod red. prof. V.I. Balabanova. M.: Magistr-Press, 2007. 208s.
Belyaev D.A. Perspektivnye antropologicheskie modeli postcheloveka: transformatsiya chelovecheskoy prirody i sverkhchelovecheskaya atributika.// Global'noe budushchee 2045: Antropologicheskiy krizis. Konvergentnye tekhnologii. Transgumanisticheskie proekty: Materialy Pervoy Vserossiyskoy konferentsii, Belgorod, 11-12 aprelya 2013g./ Pod red. D.I. Dubrovskogo, S.M. Klimovoy. M.: “Kanon+” ROOI “Reabilitatsiya”, 2014. S.43-52.
Bendas T.V. Gendernaya psikhologiya. SPb.: Piter, 2006. 431 s.
Vernadskiy V.I. Razmyshleniya naturalista. Kn.2: Nauchnaya mysl' kak planetarnoe yavlenie. M.: Nauka, 1977. 191s.
Voronina O.A. Feminizm i gendernoe ravenstvo. M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. 319s.
Gendernye problemy v sovremennoy Rossii (po dannym ofitsial'noy statistiki). M.: “Aleks”, 2006. 224 s.
Gorokhov V.G. Nanotekhnologii. Epistemologicheskie problemy teoreticheskogo issledovaniya v sovremennoy tekhnonauke.// Epistemologiya i filosofiya nauki. M., 2008. T.XVI, №2. S.14-32.
Zdravomyslova O.M. Sem'ya i obshchestvo: gendernoe izmerenie rossiyskoy transformatsii”. M.: URSS, 2003. 152 s.
Itskov D.I. Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie “Rossiya 2045” i global'noe budushchee.// Global'noe budushchee 2045: Antropologicheskiy krizis. Konvergentnye tekhnologii. Transgumanisticheskie proekty: Materialy Pervoy Vserossiyskoy konferentsii, Belgorod, 11-12 aprelya 2013g./ Pod red. D.I. Dubrovskogo, S.M. Klimovoy.-M.: “Kanon+” ROOI “Reabilitatsiya”, 2014. S.8-14.
Karpinskaya R.S., Liseev I.K., Ogurtsov A.P. Filosofiya prirody: koevolyutsionnaya strategiya. M.: Interpaks, 1995. 350s.
Kletsina I.S. Gendernaya sotsializatsiya. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo RGPU im. A.I. Gertsena, 1998. 92s.
Lektorskiy V.A. Filosofiya, poznanie, kul'tura. M.: “Kanon+” ROOI “Reabilitatsiya”, 2012. 384s.
Ogurtsov A.P. Filosofiya nauki: dvadtsatyy vek: Kontseptsii i problemy: V 3 chastyakh. Chast' vtoraya: Filosofiya nauki: Nauka v sotsiokul'turnoy sisteme. SPb.: Izdatel'skiy dom «Mir'», 2011. 495s.
Posadskaya A. I., Rimashevskaya N. M., Zakharova N. K. Kak my reshaem zhenskiy vopros.// Kommunist, 1989, № 4.-S. 56-65.
Ryabov O.V. Russkaya filosofiya zhenstvennosti (XI-XX veka). Ivanovo: Yunona, Ivanovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, 1999. 359 s.
Fedorov N.F. Sochineniya. M.: Mysl', 1982. 711s.
Florenskiy P.A. U vodorazdelov mysli. T.2. M.: Pravda, 1990. 447s.
Fukuyama F. Nashe postchelovecheskoe budushchee: Posledstviya biotekhnologicheskoy revolyutsii. M.: AST, LYuKS, 2004. 349s.
Khabermas Yu. Budushchee chelovecheskoy prirody. M.: Ves' Mir, 2002. 144s.
Tsiolkovskiy K.E. Kosmicheskaya filosofiya. M.: Editorial URSS, 2001. 480s.
Gergen K.J. The Social Constructionist Movement in Modern Psychology.// American Psychologist, Number 40. New York, 1985. P.266-275.
Kornblith H. Naturalized Epistemology.// A Companion to Epistemology./ Edited by J. Dancy and E. Sosa. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. P.297-300.
Luhmann N. Erkenntnis als Konstruktion. Bern: Benteli, 1988. 74S.
Luhmann N. Soziale Systeme. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984. 674S.
Women in Russia: A new era in Russian feminism./ Ed. by A.Posadskaya and oth. London; N.Y.: Verso, 1994. 216 p.
http://www.transhumanism-russia.r

Аннотация: The authors of the article analyze meanings and definitions of the terms ‘human nature’ and ‘human essence’ and grounds for their development, generalization and convergence taking into account modern genetic, anthropological and cultural discoveries. Historically, differentiation of these two concepts was caused by the formation of the ‘nature and culture’ opposition during the Early Modern Period when it was believed that expansion of the cultural sphereled to narrowing of the sphere of nature and cultural degradation, on the contrary, resulted in the revival of nature. The authors of the article show to what degree the aforesaid conclusion can be related to the human himself and what grounds there are for creating the ‘savage (animal) and civilized human’ opposition. The article is based on philosophical and general scientific principles of monism and development, integrity and consistency, concepts of historicism, evolutionism and self-organization. The discovered contradiction between rather conservative human nature and his free and creative ‘essence’ dictates the discourse about the manageable evolution of human as an actor of self-development. Philosophical and anthropological terms ‘cultural adaptation’ and ‘cultural evolution’ are described as a typological factor of human self-development. In fact, the authors describe the path to creating a new humanism — the goal UNESCO has been actively calling the world community for.

Ключевые слова: human nature, human essence, generic human, individual, personality, culture, human ecology, post-human history, humanism, trans-humanism.

Контактная информация: Mamedov Nizami Mustafa ogly, 119571, Russia, Moscow, prospect Vernadskogo 82, bld. 1.

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Shilovskaya N.S. Chelovek kak sub'ekt, bytie i bytie sub'ekta v istorii i sovremennosti // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya. — 2012.-№ 1.-S.171-203. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2012.1.88. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/fr/article_88.htm

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Аннотация: The subject under review is the ideology of the Grand Inquisitor, the main character of The Great Inquisitor story told by Ivan Karamazov. In this story the elderly Jesuit criticizes Jesus’ self-sacrifice for the sake of the freedom of humanity and offers the only alternative to the concept of state power and violence that came after Christ’s teaching. This alternative, in fact, deifies the three powers: authority, miracle and mystery. The approach chosen by the author of the article allows to specify peculiarities of Dostoevsky’s fundamental concept of the image of the Grand Inquisitor that involves meta-demonization of the Grand Inquisitor’s image. The research method used by the author integrates a few types of analysis including ethical and philosophical analysis, psychological analysis, literary analysis and comparative analysis. Combination of these methods allows to recode the demoniac symbols in the image of the Catholic power. The scientific novelty of the research is in the author’s philosopheme according to which the Grand Inquisitor, on one hand, is like a devil hunting for human souls but, on the other hand, he differs from the devil because in his dreams about the unlimited power he without any remorse sees a global ‘happy’ society where Jesus Christ was not needed. This is the cynicism of the universal level and this is why the Jesuit is even more dangerous than the devil because the former represent the all-destroying Ahrimanic power. As a result of his research, the author concludes that the Grand Inquisitor represent the phenomenon of catastrophism because for an Orthodox person religion without Christ is a nonsense and absurdity. For Russia the image of God has always been the measure of spirituality and moral purity.

Ключевые слова: God, Christ, church, Catholicism, the Grand Inquisitor, human, devil, temptation, freedom, religion and moral, authority, mystery, power and violence.

Контактная информация: Konson Grigoriy Rafaelevich, 115035, Russia, Moscow, ul. Sadovnicheskaya 52/45.

Библиография:
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References (transliteration):
Fridlender G.M. Dostoevskiy i mirovaya literatura. — L.: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1985. — 456 s. [Biblioteka proizvedeniy, udostoennykh Gosudarstvennoy premii SSSR.
Tikhomirov B.N. Religioznye aspekty tvorchestva F.M. Dostoevskogo: Problemy interpretatsii, kommentirovaniya, tekstologii: Dis. … d-ra filol. nauk. — SPb.: Literaturno-memorial'nyy muzey F.M. Dostoevskogo, 2006. — 567 s. URL: http://www.dissercat.com/content/religioznye-aspekty-tvorchestva-fm-dostoevskogo-problemy-interpretatsii-kommentirovaniya-tek.
Solov'ev E.Yu. Proshloe tolkuet nas: Ocherki po istorii filosofii i kul'tury. — M.: Politizdat, 1991. — S. 432 s.
Smorzhko S.N. Khudozhestvennaya eskhatologiya v romanakh F.M. Dostoevskogo 1860–1870-kh godov: Dis. … kand. filol. isk. — Krasnodar: Kubanskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, 2007. — 201 s.
Solov'ev S.M. Vladimir Solov'ev: Zhizn' i tvorcheskaya evolyutsiya / Poslesl. P.P. Gaydenko; Podgot. teksta I.G. Vishnevetskogo. — M.: Respublika, 1997. — 431 s.
Semenova S.G. «Vsyu noch' chital ya Tvoy Zavet…»: Obraz Khrista v sovremennom romane // Novyy mir. 1989. № 11. — S. 229–244.
Sovremennye podkhody k klassifikatsii politicheskikh prestupnikov. URL: http://www.tpbazis.ru/pages&id=6&p=2.
Rozanov V.V. Legenda o Velikom inkvizitore F.M. Dostoevskogo // VѢkhi: Biblioteka russkoy religiozno-filosofskoy i khudozhestvennoy literatury. URL stat'i: http://www.vehi.net/rozanov/legenda.html.
Lur'e S.V. Religioznaya mistika i filosofiya // Berdyaev N.A. Novoe religioznoe soznanie i obshchestvennost' / Redkoll.: Yu.V. Bozhko, A.B. Gofman, V.V. Sapov (zam. pred.), L.S. Chibisenkov (predsedatel'); Sost. i komment. V.V. Sapova. — M.: Kanon+ OI «Reabilitatsiya», 1999. — 464 s. [Seriya «Istoriya v filosofskikh pamyatnikakh».]
Losskiy N.O. Bog i mirovoe zlo / Sost. A.P. Polyakov, P.V. Alekseev, A.A. Yakovlev; Prim. R.K. Medvedevoy. — M.: Respublika, 1994. — 432 s.
Poletaeva M.A. Psikhologicheskaya motivatsiya opravdaniya ideala v russkoy religioznoy filosofii XIX – nachala KhKh veka // Rossiyskaya mental'nost': teoreticheskie problemy / Materialy nauch. konf. 15–16 maya 2003 goda / Nauch. red.: L.S. Zharkova, V.I. Cherednichenko; Redkoll.: A.A. Aronov, V.A. Tikhonova, N.M. Chernyshova. — M.: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet kul'tury i iskusstv, 2003. — S. 58–62.
Kuznetsov O.V. Istoki i smysl «katastroficheskogo» soznaniya v zapadnoy kul'ture: Dis. … d-ra filos. nauk. — Ekaterinburg: Ural'skiy gosudarstvennyy universitet imeni A.M. Gor'kogo, 2000. — 234 s. URL: http://www.dissercat.com/content/istoki-i-smysl-katastroficheskogo-soznaniya-v-zapadnoi-kulture.
Kabanov P.A. Politicheskaya prestupnost': Avtoref. dis. … d-ra yur. nauk. — Ekaterinburg: Ural'skaya gosudarstvennaya yuridicheskaya akademiya, 2008 // Besplatnaya elektronnaya biblioteka. URL ssylki na avtoreferat: http://www.dissers.ru/avtoreferati-dissertatsii-yuridicheskie/a373.php.
Dostoevskiy F. Dnevnik pisatelya. Yanvar', 1877 // Fedor Dostoevskiy. Rossiyskie sud'by: Zhizneopisaniya, fakty, gipotezy, portrety i dokumenty v 30 knigakh / Sost. M. Kuznetsova; S. Baburin — preds. redkoll.; B. Rybakov — nauch. ruk. — M., 1997. — S. 490–521. [Seriya «ROSS — Rossiyskie sud'by».]
Dostoevskiy F.M. Brat'ya Karamazovy: Roman v chetyrekh chastyakh s epi-logom / Pod obshch. red. G.M. Fridlendera i M.B. Khrapchenko; Sost. G.M. Fridlendera // Sobranie sochineniy v dvenadtsati tomakh. T. 11. — 624 s., t. 12. — 544 s. — M.: Pravda, 1982. [Seriya «Biblioteka “Ogonek”. Otechestvennaya klassika».]
Gulyga A.V. Ot redaktora // R. Laut. Filosofiya Dostoevskogo v siste-maticheskom izlozhenii / Pod red. A.V. Gulygi; Per. s nem. I.S. An-dreevoy. — M.: Respublika, 1996. — S. 5–10.
Bulgakov S.N. Ivan Karamazov (v romane Dostoevskogo «Brat'ya Kara-mazovy») kak filosofskiy tip): Publichnaya lektsiya // VѢkhi: Biblioteka russkoy religiozno-filosofskoy i khudozhestvennoy literatury. URL ssylki: http://www.vehi.net/bulgakov/karamaz.html.
Biryuzova N.A. Motiv «Vtorogo Prishestviya Khrista» v russkoy litera¬ture XIX–XX vv.: Dis. … kand. filol. nauk. — M.: Rossiyskiy universitet druzhby narodov, 2010. — 186 s. URL: http://www.dissercat.com/content/motiv-vtorogo-prishestviya-khrista-v-/russkoi-literature-xix-xx-vv.
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Аннотация: This article is written in the form of a dialogue and continues the interview of Vladimir Kutyrev, the author of the book ‘Time Mortido’, taken by Aleksey Nilogov. The main topic of their interview was the question about manageability of the progress and the interview was published in the NB: Philosophical Researches Journal in 2013. The interview has developed into a conversation. The conversation evolved around the hidden yet sharp dispute between the ‘progressor’ and ‘conservator’. Interlocutors give different and often contrary evaluations of the prospects of the humankind and opinions on the matter. They talk about the tendency towards replacement of everything alive and natural with the technological and artificial. Theauthortouchesuponthe relation between being and nothing, postmodernistic transformation of human into ‘something else’, elimination of the borders between genders and creation of weak (‘thinking’) and strong (‘programmable’) zombies. The author of the book is completely against the boundless expansion of innovative, i.e. post-human technologies and the idea of human im-provement. He tries to prove that the main goal of a modern human should be the preservation of his civilization in the anthropomorphous context. Society where consumption takes the place of production and the world are depicted as the global trading center.

Ключевые слова: being, nothing, trans-humanism, zombie, Derrida, programming, anti-language, homosexuality, selfdestruction, conservatism.

Контактная информация: Kutyrev Vladimir Alexandrovich, 603000, Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Universitetsky per. 7.

Библиография:
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References (transliteration):
Kutyrev V.A. Vremya Mortido. – SPb., 2012.
Khaydegger M. Bytie i vremya M., 2003.
Volkov D.B. «Bostonskiy zombi. D. Dennet i ego teoriya soznaniya».M., 2011.
Golynov-Vol'fson D. «Vek zhivykh mertvetsov: KhKh stoletie glazami zombi» //Neprikosnovennyy zapas. 2008. № 6 (062).,
Chekletsov V. V. Topologicheskaya versiya postchelovecheskoy personologii: k razumnym landshaftam // Filosofskie nauki. – 2010 – №
Nilogov A. S. Filosofiya antiyazyka. – SPb., 2013. 8.Gurevich P.S. Filosofskaya interpretatsiya cheloveka. – SPb., 2013. 9.Delez Zh. Logika smysla. – M., Ekaterinburg, 1998. 10.Khoruzhiy S.S. K antropologicheskoy modeli tret'ego tysyacheletiya. // Filosofskie nauki. – 2003. № 8. 11.Fukuyama F. Konets istorii i posledniy chelovek. – M., 2004. 12.Epshteyn M. Iz Ameriki. – Ekaterinburg, 2005.

Аннотация: The authors of the article study the process of communication from the point of view of philosophical anthropology. Based on this approach, communication is viewed as an expression of not only social but also existential human nature because this approach allows to determine man’s relations with the world and the Other (and society), God and so on. In this regard the concept of Self and Other acquires a special status, too. In case both the transmitting and receiving parties are active, the inter-subjective communication is created. Inter-subjective communication has special features such as the dialogic interaction, inter-subjectivity, communication as a process of confluence of the message, information and understanding and the presence of individuals. The authors also view the structure of inter-subjective communication based on the concept of basic needs introduced by Abraham Maslow. The authors suggest a six-level structure consisting of the following levels: primitive, traditionally oriented, socially standard, progressively synthesizing, spiritual and spiritually modifying types of communication. Developing mass media and so called «network society» make a significant impact on the structure of the communication process. It brings in the element of «untrue communication» and results in the effect that can be called «archaic style of communication» when the primitive forms of communication such as mass, social, family, domestic, erotic forms of inter-subjective communication become dominating and information is mythologized or acquires a mystic content.

Ключевые слова: communication, need, subject, society, Self and Other, virtuality, anthropology, meta-need, spirituality.

Контактная информация: Gorelova Tatiana Anatolievna, 111395, Russia, Moscow, ul. Yunosti 5.

Библиография:
Shpet G.G. Sochineniya. M., 1989.
Frank S.L. Sochineniya. M., 1990.
Fromm E. Zdorovoe obshchestvo // Psikhoanaliz i kul'tura: Izbrannye trudy Karen Khorni i Erikha Fromma. M., 1995.
Florenskiy P.A. Stolp i utverzhdenie istiny. T I(I). M., 1990.
Lorents K. Oborotnaya storona zerkala. M., 1998.
Luman N. Vlast'. M., 2001; Luman N. Obshchestvo obshchestva. V 5 kn. M., 2011.
Maslou A. Motivatsiya i lichnost'. SPb., 2001.
Kuznetsov V.N. Zhan-Pol' Sartr i ekzistentsializm. M., 1969.
Kostina A.V. Massovaya kul'tura kak fenomen postindustrial'nogo obshchestva. M., 2006; Kostina A.V. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' v situatsii dialoga kul'tur // Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. 2011. №
Gusserl' E. Kartezianskie meditatsii. M., 2010.
Gaydenko P.P. Chelovek i istoriya v svete «filosofii kommunikatsii» K. Yaspersa // Chelovek i ego bytie kak problema sovremennoy nauki. M., 1978.
Buber M. Problema cheloveka. Perspektivy // Labirinty odinochestva. M., 1989.
Bodriyyar Zh. Prozrachnost' zla. M., 2010.

References (transliteration):
Shpet G.G. Sochineniya. M., 1989.
Frank S.L. Sochineniya. M., 1990.
Fromm E. Zdorovoe obshchestvo // Psikhoanaliz i kul'tura: Izbrannye trudy Karen Khorni i Erikha Fromma. M., 1995.
Florenskiy P.A. Stolp i utverzhdenie istiny. T I(I). M., 1990.
Lorents K. Oborotnaya storona zerkala. M., 1998.
Luman N. Vlast'. M., 2001; Luman N. Obshchestvo obshchestva. V 5 kn. M., 2011.
Maslou A. Motivatsiya i lichnost'. SPb., 2001.
Kuznetsov V.N. Zhan-Pol' Sartr i ekzistentsializm. M., 1969.
Kostina A.V. Massovaya kul'tura kak fenomen postindustrial'nogo obshchestva. M., 2006; Kostina A.V. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnost' v situatsii dialoga kul'tur // Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie. 2011. №
Gusserl' E. Kartezianskie meditatsii. M., 2010.
Gaydenko P.P. Chelovek i istoriya v svete «filosofii kommunikatsii» K. Yaspersa // Chelovek i ego bytie kak problema sovremennoy nauki. M., 1978.
Buber M. Problema cheloveka. Perspektivy // Labirinty odinochestva. M., 1989.
Bodriyyar Zh. Prozrachnost' zla. M., 2010.

Аннотация: The author of the article compares the reemergence of the main hero in ‘Resurrection’ with the ‘spiritual rebirth’ of Lev Tolstoy himself as well as with the philosophical interpretation of the ‘borderline situations’ represented by existentialists. The author makes a conclusion that Tolstoy’s hero behaves the same way as a man in a borderline situation described by existentialists. Noteworthy that Tolstoy did not appeal to existentialists and such likeness is caused by objective processes ongoing in a man’s inner world. Generally speaking, the process of ethic choice (or Tolstoy’s ‘spiritual rebirth’) consists of the following stages: decisive affect, borderline situation, conviction, despair, awareness of one’s possibility to make an ethic choice, ethic choice (which, being the point of bifurcation, can lead to three options: suicide, return to previous lifestyle and start of a new life), spiritual rebirth, crucifixion and resurrection. The process described by the author of the article is based on the combination of ideas presented by Soren Kierkegaard (‘either/or’), Karl Jaspers (‘borderline situation’) and Lev Tolstoy (‘confession’ and ‘resurrection’).

Ключевые слова: Tolstoy, human, penance, despair, awareness, resolution, ethics, choice, crucifixion, resurrection.

Контактная информация: Gorelov Anatoly Alekseevich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn. 509.

Библиография:
1. Bul'tman R. Novyy Zavet i mifologiya. Problema demifologizatsii novozavetnogo provozvestiya //
Voprosy filosofii. 1992. № 11.
2. Zinov'ev A.A. Evangelie ot Ivana // Voprosy filosofii. 1992. № 1.
3. K'erkegor S. Ili — ili. M.: Arktogeya, 1993.
4. Tolstoy L.N. Poln. sobr. soch. v 90 t. M.: Gos. izdat. khudozhestvennoy literatury, 1928-1964.
5. Yaspers K. Pogranichnye situatsii // Edip. 2007. № 2.

References (transliteration):
1. Bul'tman R. Novyy Zavet i mifologiya. Problema demifologizatsii novozavetnogo provozvestiya //
Voprosy filosofii. 1992. № 11.
2. Zinov'ev A.A. Evangelie ot Ivana // Voprosy filosofii. 1992. № 1.
3. K'erkegor S. Ili — ili. M.: Arktogeya, 1993.
4. Tolstoy L.N. Poln. sobr. soch. v 90 t. M.: Gos. izdat. khudozhestvennoy literatury, 1928-1964.
5. Yaspers K. Pogranichnye situatsii // Edip. 2007. № 2.