Аннотация: The subject of the present research article is the Advaita Vedanta and Kashmir Shaivism as the two main
monistic systems of the Indian philosophy introduced by Shankara and Abhinavagupta respectively. Philsophical and
religious (mystical) monism was the paradigm in their works. The author of the article compares the two paradigms
of monism, Shankara’s advaita (non-duality) and Abhinavagupta’s para-advaita (the highest level of non-duality) by
comaring their idea of the Absolute. The author’s approach allows to describe the understudied philosophy of Kashmir
Shaivism in comparison with the most famous and the best studied system of the Indian thought. The author conducts
his comparison based on Sanskrit sources in both monistic systems including expressions and arguments used by the
two great representatives of monism. In particular, the author analyzes Shankara’s and Abhinavagupta’s views on the
Absolute as the central concept in their philosophical doctrines represented in the two different monistic paradigms as
the ‘static’ or inactive Absolute (Brahman) of Advaita and the ‘dynamic’ creative Absolute (Anuttara, Shiva) of Para-
Advaita. The topic raised by the author o the article is quite perspective and important for Russian studies of Indian
philosophy in particular and history of philosophy in general. The author manages to cover the annoying gap and provide
texts in philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism as the most poorly studied branch of Indian philosophy today. Growing interest
of the West towards this branch of Indian philosophy encouraged the growth of attention of Indian researchers, too.
Meanwhile, in Russia literature on Kashmir Shaivism is mostly translated from English and there is no researches or
thesis works written on the matter besides the thesis research by N. Isaeva. A few articles and translations of extracts
from Sanskrit sources do not cover the gap, either. The author of the present article appeals to Sanskrit sources, most of
them have never been translated into Russian, as well as the Western and Indian researches. The author introduces new
concepts, Sanskrit terms and other information in Russian science. The article will be of interest not only for those who
study history of philosophy, but also for those who are involved in cultural research, religious studies, Indian studies and
interdisciplinary research.
Ключевые слова: monism, Indian philosophy, Shankara, Abhinavagupta, Advaita Vedanta, advaita, para-advaita, Kashmir Shaivism, Vedanta, Pratyabhijña.
Контактная информация: Lobanov Sergey Vladimirovich, 105062, Russia, Moscow, ul. Pokrovka 29.
Библиография:
Indiyskaya filosofiya: Entsiklopediya / Otv. red. M.T. Stepanyants; In-t filosofii RAN. – M.: Vost. lit., Akademicheskiy Proekt; Gaudeamus, 2009.
Isaeva N. V. Shankara i indiyskaya filosofiya. – M.: Nauka. Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury, 1991.
Ivanov V. P. Doktrina Uznavaniya (Prat'yabkhidzhnya-darshana) v traktate «Sarvadarshana-sangrakha». // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik’2009 / In-t filosofii RAN. M., 2010. S. 247‒254.
Abkhinavagupta. «Anuttarashtika» («Vosem' strof o nesravnennom, [o tom, vyshe kotorogo net]») // Isaeva N. V. Iskusstvo kak provodnik. Kashmirskiy shivaizm: Abkhinavagupta i Kshemaradzha (v sravnenii s nekotorymi parateatral'nymi opytami sovremennosti). SPb, 2014. S. 269‒276.
Isaeva N. V. Ortodoksal'naya religiozno-filosofskaya traditsiya Indii. / Isaeva N. V. // Religii drevnego Vostoka. – M.: Izdatel'skaya firma «Vostochnaya literatura» RAN, 1995. – C. 205-243.
Isaeva N. V. Slovo, tvoryashchee mir. Ot ranney vedanty k kashmirskomu shivaizmu: Gaudapada, Bkhartrikhari, Abkhinavagupta. M.,1996.
Lobanov S. V. Sravnitel'nyy analiz predstavleniy o «neposredstvennom postizhenii» (aparokshanubkhuti) i «samouznavanii» (prat'yabkhidzhnya) v monisticheskikh sistemakh Shankary i Abkhinavagupty. // Sbornik nauchnykh statey molodykh uchenykh «Orientalistica Iuvenile». Vyp. V ( Materialy S'ezda molodykh vostokovedov Rossii i SNG (Zvenigorod, 3 – 5 oktyabrya 2012 g.)). – M.: Probel-2000, 2012. S. 178‒186.
Lobanov S. V. Dve paradigmy monizma v interpretatsii «Bkhagavadgity»: Shankara i Abkhinavagupta. // Istoriya filosofii. № 18. / Ros. akad. nauk, In-t filosofii; Otv. red. L.B. Karelova. – M., 2013. – S. 40-58.
Lysenko V. G. «Filosofiya prirody» v Indii: atomizm shkoly vaysheshika. – M.: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izdatel'stva «Nauka», 1986.
Madkhavachar'ya. Sarvadarshana-sangrakha. Glava «Prat'yabkhidzhnya-darshana»./ Per. s sanskrita V. P. Ivanova. // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik’2009 / In-t filosofii RAN. M, 2010. S. 255‒271.
Pandit B. N. Osnovy kashmirskogo shivaizma. / Per. s angl. V. A. Dmitrievoy. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Profit Stayl», 2004.
«Prat'yabkhidzhnya-khridaya» («Sushchnost' Uznavaniya»). / Kshemaradzha; Per., vstup. st., red. i komment. Pakhomova S.V. – B.m.. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriya i sovremennost' / Institut vostokovedeniya RAN; Institut Afriki RAN; /12229. – M., 2001.
Predtechenskaya Yu. V. Opredelenie Brakhmana v Upanishadakh: apofaticheskiy i katafaticheskiy podkhody (po kommentariyu Shankary k «Tayttiriya-upanishade»). // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik’2009 / In-t filosofii RAN. M, 2010. S. 272‒290.
Upanishady. / Per. s sanskrita, issled., komment. i Prilozhenie A. Ya. Syrkina. Izd. 2-e, dop. M.: Izdatel'skaya firma «Vostochnaya literatura» RAN, 2000.
Shankara. Izbrannye kommentarii na Brakhma-sutry Badarayany. / Per. s sanskrita N. V. Isaevoy. M., 1993. Shokhin V. K. Stratifikatsii real'nosti v ontologii advayta-vedanty. M., 2004.
Abhinava Gupta. Īśvarapratyabhijñāvivṛtivimarśinī, ed. by Madhusudan Kaul. KSTS Vol. LXVIII, LXXV and LXXIX. – Srinagar, 1921.
Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-vimarśinī 1928 ‒ The Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-vimarśinī of Utpalācārya with the comm. of Abhinavagupta // Kashmir Sanskrit Series. Vol. II. Srinagar, 1928. P. 265‒266.
Abhinavagupta. Tantrasāraḥ ‘Nīrakṣīraviveka’ Hindībhāṣyasaṁvalitaḥ prathamaḥ khaṇḍaḥ (adhyāyāḥ 1-7). / Sanskrit text of the Abhinavagupta’s “Tantrasara” (Part I, chapters 1-7) edited with the Hindi commentary by Dr. Paramahamsa Mishra. – Varanasi: Chawkhamba Surabharati Prakashan, 1996.
Abhinavagupta. Tantrasāraḥ ‘Nīrakṣīraviveka’ hindībhāṣyasaṁvalitaḥ dvitīyaḥ khaṇḍaḥ (adhyāyāḥ 8-22). / Sanskrit text of the Abhinavagupta’s “Tantrasara” (Part II, chapters 8-22) edited with the Hindi commentary by Dr. Paramahamsa Mishra. – Varanasi: Chawkhamba Surabharati Prakashan, 2000.
Abhinavagupta, Rājānaka. A Trident of Wisdom. / Translation of Parātrīśikā-vivaraṇa by Jaideva Singh; edited by Bettina Baumer; with the foreword by Paul Muller-Ortega. – N. Y.: State University of New York Press, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989. – (SUNY series in Tantric Studies).
Bäumer Bettina. Abhinavagupta’s Hermeneutics of the Absolute. Anuttaraprakriyā : An Interpretention of his Parātrīśikā Vivaraṇa. New Delhi, 2011.
Barnett, L.D. «The Paramārthasāra of Abhinava Gupta». // The Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. – London, 1910.
Brahmasūtrabhaṣyam of Śrī Śankarācārya. – Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1967.
Dasgupta, S.N.. History of Indian Philosophy, 5 Vols. – Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1922-1955. – Vol. I.
Deutsch, Eliot. Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction. – Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1969. Essence of the Exact Reality or Paramārthasāra of Abhinavagupta. / With English translation and notes by Dr. B. N. Pandit.– New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1991.
Īśvarapratyabhijñākārikā of Utpaladeva with the Author’s Vṛtti. / Critical edition and annotated translation by Raffaele Torella. – Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2002.
Kaw R. K. The Doctrine of Recognition: Pratyabhijna Philosophy. – Hoshiarpur: Vishvanand Institute, 1967.
Mishra Haramohan. A Study in Advaita Epistemology. Delhi, 1990.
Mishra, Kamalakar. Kashmir Śaivism: the Central Philosophy of Tantrism. – Portland: Rudra Press, 1993. Moti Lal Pandit. From Dualism to Non-Dualism. A Study of the Evolution of Śaivite Thought. New Delhi, 2010.
Muller-Ortega, Paul Eduardo. The Triadic Heart of Śiva: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-Dual Shaivism of Kashmir. – Delhi: Śri Satguru Publications, a Division of Indian Books Centre Indological and Oriental Publishers, 1989.
Potter, Karl. Presuppositions of India’s Philosophies. – New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
Prasad Jwala. History of Indian Epistemology. Delhi, 1987.
Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam. The Secret of Self-Recognition. / Sanskrit text with English translation, notes and Introduction by Jaideva Singh. – New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991.
Raghavan, V. Abhinavagupta and his works. – Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1981.
Rajagopal L.V. A Critique of Vedānta. New Delhi, 1993. SenSharma Debabrata. An Introduction to the Advaita Śaiva Philosophy of Kashmir. Varanasi, 2009.
Sharma L.N. Kashmir Śaivism. Delhi, 2006. Śivadṛṣṭi of Śrī Somānanda Nātha with the Vritti of Śrī Utpaladeva. / Edited with the Sanskrita commentary & Hindi translation by Dr. Radheshyam Chaturvedi. – Varanasi: Varanaseya Sanskrit Sansthan, 1986.
Śiva Sūtras: The Yoga of supreme Identity. / Text of the sūtras and the commentary Vimarśinī of Kṣemarāja translated into English with Introduction, Notes, Running Exposition, Glossary and Index by Jaideva Singh. – Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1988.
Śrīmad Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya of Śrī Śaṁkarācārya. / With text in Devanagari & English rendering, and Index of first lines of verses; translation by Dr. A.G.Krishna Warrier. – Madras: Śri Ramakrishna Math, 1983.
Upaniṣadbhāṣya and Māṇḍukyakārikābhāṣya in Īśādidaśopaniṣadaḥ Śaṅkarabhāṣyasametam. 2 ed. – Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1964.
Vireswarananda, Swami. Brahma-sutras according to Śaṅkara. Kolkata, 2011.
References (transliteration):
Indiyskaya filosofiya: Entsiklopediya / Otv. red. M.T. Stepanyants; In-t filosofii RAN. – M.: Vost. lit., Akademicheskiy Proekt; Gaudeamus, 2009.
Isaeva N. V. Shankara i indiyskaya filosofiya. – M.: Nauka. Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury, 1991.
Ivanov V. P. Doktrina Uznavaniya (Prat'yabkhidzhnya-darshana) v traktate «Sarvadarshana-sangrakha». // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik’2009 / In-t filosofii RAN. M., 2010. S. 247‒254.
Abkhinavagupta. «Anuttarashtika» («Vosem' strof o nesravnennom, [o tom, vyshe kotorogo net]») // Isaeva N. V. Iskusstvo kak provodnik. Kashmirskiy shivaizm: Abkhinavagupta i Kshemaradzha (v sravnenii s nekotorymi parateatral'nymi opytami sovremennosti). SPb, 2014. S. 269‒276.
Isaeva N. V. Ortodoksal'naya religiozno-filosofskaya traditsiya Indii. / Isaeva N. V. // Religii drevnego Vostoka. – M.: Izdatel'skaya firma «Vostochnaya literatura» RAN, 1995. – C. 205-243.
Isaeva N. V. Slovo, tvoryashchee mir. Ot ranney vedanty k kashmirskomu shivaizmu: Gaudapada, Bkhartrikhari, Abkhinavagupta. M.,1996.
Lobanov S. V. Sravnitel'nyy analiz predstavleniy o «neposredstvennom postizhenii» (aparokshanubkhuti) i «samouznavanii» (prat'yabkhidzhnya) v monisticheskikh sistemakh Shankary i Abkhinavagupty. // Sbornik nauchnykh statey molodykh uchenykh «Orientalistica Iuvenile». Vyp. V ( Materialy S'ezda molodykh vostokovedov Rossii i SNG (Zvenigorod, 3 – 5 oktyabrya 2012 g.)). – M.: Probel-2000, 2012. S. 178‒186.
Lobanov S. V. Dve paradigmy monizma v interpretatsii «Bkhagavadgity»: Shankara i Abkhinavagupta. // Istoriya filosofii. № 18. / Ros. akad. nauk, In-t filosofii; Otv. red. L.B. Karelova. – M., 2013. – S. 40-58.
Lysenko V. G. «Filosofiya prirody» v Indii: atomizm shkoly vaysheshika. – M.: Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury izdatel'stva «Nauka», 1986.
Madkhavachar'ya. Sarvadarshana-sangrakha. Glava «Prat'yabkhidzhnya-darshana»./ Per. s sanskrita V. P. Ivanova. // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik’2009 / In-t filosofii RAN. M, 2010. S. 255‒271.
Pandit B. N. Osnovy kashmirskogo shivaizma. / Per. s angl. V. A. Dmitrievoy. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Profit Stayl», 2004.
«Prat'yabkhidzhnya-khridaya» («Sushchnost' Uznavaniya»). / Kshemaradzha; Per., vstup. st., red. i komment. Pakhomova S.V. – B.m.. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriya i sovremennost' / Institut vostokovedeniya RAN; Institut Afriki RAN; /12229. – M., 2001.
Predtechenskaya Yu. V. Opredelenie Brakhmana v Upanishadakh: apofaticheskiy i katafaticheskiy podkhody (po kommentariyu Shankary k «Tayttiriya-upanishade»). // Istoriko-filosofskiy ezhegodnik’2009 / In-t filosofii RAN. M, 2010. S. 272‒290.
Upanishady. / Per. s sanskrita, issled., komment. i Prilozhenie A. Ya. Syrkina. Izd. 2-e, dop. M.: Izdatel'skaya firma «Vostochnaya literatura» RAN, 2000.
Shankara. Izbrannye kommentarii na Brakhma-sutry Badarayany. / Per. s sanskrita N. V. Isaevoy. M., 1993. Shokhin V. K. Stratifikatsii real'nosti v ontologii advayta-vedanty. M., 2004.
Abhinava Gupta. Īśvarapratyabhijñāvivṛtivimarśinī, ed. by Madhusudan Kaul. KSTS Vol. LXVIII, LXXV and LXXIX. – Srinagar, 1921.
Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-vimarśinī 1928 ‒ The Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-vimarśinī of Utpalācārya with the comm. of Abhinavagupta // Kashmir Sanskrit Series. Vol. II. Srinagar, 1928. P. 265‒266.
Abhinavagupta. Tantrasāraḥ ‘Nīrakṣīraviveka’ Hindībhāṣyasaṁvalitaḥ prathamaḥ khaṇḍaḥ (adhyāyāḥ 1-7). / Sanskrit text of the Abhinavagupta’s “Tantrasara” (Part I, chapters 1-7) edited with the Hindi commentary by Dr. Paramahamsa Mishra. – Varanasi: Chawkhamba Surabharati Prakashan, 1996.
Abhinavagupta. Tantrasāraḥ ‘Nīrakṣīraviveka’ hindībhāṣyasaṁvalitaḥ dvitīyaḥ khaṇḍaḥ (adhyāyāḥ 8-22). / Sanskrit text of the Abhinavagupta’s “Tantrasara” (Part II, chapters 8-22) edited with the Hindi commentary by Dr. Paramahamsa Mishra. – Varanasi: Chawkhamba Surabharati Prakashan, 2000.
Abhinavagupta, Rājānaka. A Trident of Wisdom. / Translation of Parātrīśikā-vivaraṇa by Jaideva Singh; edited by Bettina Baumer; with the foreword by Paul Muller-Ortega. – N. Y.: State University of New York Press, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989. – (SUNY series in Tantric Studies).
Bäumer Bettina. Abhinavagupta’s Hermeneutics of the Absolute. Anuttaraprakriyā : An Interpretention of his Parātrīśikā Vivaraṇa. New Delhi, 2011.
Barnett, L.D. «The Paramārthasāra of Abhinava Gupta». // The Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. – London, 1910.
Brahmasūtrabhaṣyam of Śrī Śankarācārya. – Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1967.
Dasgupta, S.N.. History of Indian Philosophy, 5 Vols. – Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1922-1955. – Vol. I.
Deutsch, Eliot. Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction. – Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1969. Essence of the Exact Reality or Paramārthasāra of Abhinavagupta. / With English translation and notes by Dr. B. N. Pandit.– New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1991.
Īśvarapratyabhijñākārikā of Utpaladeva with the Author’s Vṛtti. / Critical edition and annotated translation by Raffaele Torella. – Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2002.
Kaw R. K. The Doctrine of Recognition: Pratyabhijna Philosophy. – Hoshiarpur: Vishvanand Institute, 1967.
Mishra Haramohan. A Study in Advaita Epistemology. Delhi, 1990.
Mishra, Kamalakar. Kashmir Śaivism: the Central Philosophy of Tantrism. – Portland: Rudra Press, 1993. Moti Lal Pandit. From Dualism to Non-Dualism. A Study of the Evolution of Śaivite Thought. New Delhi, 2010.
Muller-Ortega, Paul Eduardo. The Triadic Heart of Śiva: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-Dual Shaivism of Kashmir. – Delhi: Śri Satguru Publications, a Division of Indian Books Centre Indological and Oriental Publishers, 1989.
Potter, Karl. Presuppositions of India’s Philosophies. – New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
Prasad Jwala. History of Indian Epistemology. Delhi, 1987.
Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam. The Secret of Self-Recognition. / Sanskrit text with English translation, notes and Introduction by Jaideva Singh. – New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991.
Raghavan, V. Abhinavagupta and his works. – Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1981.
Rajagopal L.V. A Critique of Vedānta. New Delhi, 1993. SenSharma Debabrata. An Introduction to the Advaita Śaiva Philosophy of Kashmir. Varanasi, 2009.
Sharma L.N. Kashmir Śaivism. Delhi, 2006. Śivadṛṣṭi of Śrī Somānanda Nātha with the Vritti of Śrī Utpaladeva. / Edited with the Sanskrita commentary & Hindi translation by Dr. Radheshyam Chaturvedi. – Varanasi: Varanaseya Sanskrit Sansthan, 1986.
Śiva Sūtras: The Yoga of supreme Identity. / Text of the sūtras and the commentary Vimarśinī of Kṣemarāja translated into English with Introduction, Notes, Running Exposition, Glossary and Index by Jaideva Singh. – Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1988.
Śrīmad Bhagavad Gītā Bhāṣya of Śrī Śaṁkarācārya. / With text in Devanagari & English rendering, and Index of first lines of verses; translation by Dr. A.G.Krishna Warrier. – Madras: Śri Ramakrishna Math, 1983.
Upaniṣadbhāṣya and Māṇḍukyakārikābhāṣya in Īśādidaśopaniṣadaḥ Śaṅkarabhāṣyasametam. 2 ed. – Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1964.
Vireswarananda, Swami. Brahma-sutras according to Śaṅkara. Kolkata, 2011.
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