Аннотация: Предметом исследования является комплекс теоретических положений и вопросов, касающихся лексико-семантических особенностей метафор в русской и китайской пищевой культуре на примере слова «хлеб».
Объектом исследования является метафоры в русской и китайской пищевой культуре на примере слова «хлеб».
Цель работы – выявление различий в метафорическом познании между русским и китайским языками путем сравнения лексики и фразеологизмов, связанных со словом «хлеб» и поиск эквивалентных слов в китайском языке.
Методы исследования – метод анализа, сравнения, логического рассуждения.
Результаты: доказано, что слово «хлеб» используется в переносном смысле шире в русском языке, чем в китайском. В русском языке есть фразеологизмы, содержащие слово «хлеб», которых нет в китайском языке. В китайском языке есть похожее метафорическое выражение со значением «еда», они только частично пересекаются в значении. Все эти наблюдения тесно связаны с культурными, географическими и экономическими различиями между двумя языками.
Основными выводами проведенного исследования являются: 1) пища является важным носителем различных культур; 2) использование сравнительного анализа метафорического содержания одной и той же лексики и фразеологизмов позволяет выявить, что различные культуры и народы, под влиянием географических и экономических факторов ассоциируют одни и те же слова с различными коннотациями; 3) углубление понимания метафоры «пища» в различных языках и исследование особенностей культуры способствует преодолению барьеров в коммуникации между разными странами.
Особым вкладом автора в исследование темы является комплексный подход к выявлению различий в метафорическом познании между русским и китайским языками путем сравнения лексики и фразеологизмов, связанных со словом «хлеб» и поиск эквивалентных слов в китайском языке.

Abstract: The subject of the research is a set of theoretical provisions and questions concerning lexical and semantic features of metaphors in Russian and Chinese food culture on the example of the word "bread".
The object of the study is metaphor in Russian and Chinese food culture on the example of the word "bread".
The aim of the work is to identify differences in metaphorical cognition between the Russian and Chinese languages by comparing vocabulary and phraseological units associated with the word "bread" and searching for equivalent words in Chinese.
Research methods – the method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning.
Results: it is proved that the word "bread" is used figuratively more widely in Russian than in Chinese. In the Russian language there are phraseological units containing the word "bread", which are not in the Chinese language. In Chinese, there is a similar metaphorical expression with the meaning of "food", they only partially overlap in meaning. All these observations are closely related to the cultural, geographical and economic differences between the two languages.
Scope of application: the results obtained can be used for further research.
The main conclusions of the study are: 1) food is an important carrier of different cultures; 2) the use of comparative analysis of the metaphorical content of the same vocabulary and phraseological units reveals that different cultures and peoples, under the influence of geographical and economic factors, associate the same words with different connotations; 3) deepening the understanding of the metaphor "food" in different languages and the study of cultural peculiarities helps to overcome barriers in communication between different countries.
The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is a comprehensive approach to identifying differences in metaphorical cognition between the Russian and Chinese languages by comparing vocabulary and phraseological units associated with the word "bread" and searching for equivalent words in Chinese.

Аннотация: The aim of this study is the creation and implementation of a groundbreaking syntactic structure typology, anchored in fundamental cognitive processes. This involves an in-depth classification and analysis of a variety of sentence types, integrating imagistic and spatial categories. This methodology promotes an in-depth comparative analysis, facilitating the discovery of distinctive syntactic features among the languages examined. The research is dedicated to a thorough exploration of sentence structure's topological aspects, scrutinizing the configuration and interplay of linguistic elements. It places particular emphasis on sentences within three diverse linguistic frameworks: Russian, Chinese, and English, thus enabling a comprehensive analysis and the identification of both cross-linguistic similarities and distinctions. This research adopts a multifaceted approach, combining theoretical analysis with comparative study. Such integration of methodologies allows for a nuanced comparison of sentence structures and their semantic roles in Russian, Chinese, and English, highlighting linguistic and cultural differences between these languages. The novelty of this study lies in the cognitive approach to sentence structure analysis and the development of a classification based on three cognitive models: (i) a single main container, (ii) dual main containers without a defined trajectory, and (iii) multiple main containers with distinct trajectories. A key principle of this classification is the integration of topological and imagery elements, underscoring the diversity of syntactic structures against a backdrop of a unified cognitive base, shaped by cultural and linguistic specifics. The findings reveal that sentences in Russian, English, and Chinese exhibit both shared and unique syntactic characteristics, reflecting cultural-cognitive differences, including the Chinese cultural concept of harmonizing opposites, the Russian cultural notion of segmenting the whole into parts, and the English cultural stance situated between these extremes.