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Правильная ссылка на статью:
Wheeler R.
Agriculture for Space: People and Countries Paving the Way
// Исследования космоса.
2017. № 3.
С. 173-207.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8817.2017.3.24840 URL: https://nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=24840
Agriculture for Space: People and Countries Paving the Way / Agriculture for Space: People and Countries Paving the Way
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8817.2017.3.24840Дата направления статьи в редакцию: 26-11-2017Дата публикации: 27-12-2017Аннотация: Предметом исследования является анализ ключевых достижений и этапов в создании автономных систем жизнеобеспечения для долговременных космических полетов и обитаемых станций на поверхности планет с использованием живых организмов (микробных компонентов, растений, насекомых, птиц и животных). Ценность работы определяется тем обстоятельством, что его автор является непосредственным участником многих научных проектов и одним из ключевых специалистов в области космической биотехнологии Космического центра Кеннеди (США). Основное внимание уделено истории научного поиска и выработке основных технологических решений по использованию методов космической агрикультуры для контроля газового состава и при изменении давления внутренней атмосферы, утилизации продуктов жизнедеятельности человека и производству свежих продуктов питания в замкнутом пространстве. Для решения поставленных задач использованы общенаучные методы исследования - анализ, синтез, систематизация, формально-логический и другие. Исследование подводит промежуточный итог развития методов сельского хозяйства в космосе и внедрению их результатов в земном земледелии. На основе анализа научных публикаций (всего более 200) продемонстрирована специфика научного поиска и основные достижения ученых США, СССР и России, Канады, Японии, Китая и Европейского Союза. Разработанные методы, в частности, контроля освещенности, газового состава, атмосферного давления и обеспечения влажности растений, технологии вертикального земледелия, методы гидропоники для клубненосных овощных культур, способы контролируемой подачи воды в невесомости и системы переработки отходов, работающие в замкнутом цикле, создают необходимую технологическую основу для функционирования биорегенеративных систем жизнеобеспечения при космических полетах, на борту орбитальных станций и на внеземных базах. Ключевые слова: Космос, Космическое сельское хозяйство, Биорегенеративный, Вертикальное земледелие, Передовое жизнеобеспечение, Фотосинтез, Агрономия контролируемой среды, Производство водорослей, Космические культуры, Утилизация отходовAbstract: Agricultural systems for space have been discussed since the works of Tsiolkovsky in the early 20th century. Central to the concept is the use of photosynthetic organisms and light to generate oxygen and food. Research in the area started in 1950s and 60s through the works of Jack Myers and others, who studied algae for O2 production and CO2 removal for the US Air Force and NASA. Studies on algal production and controlled environment agriculture were also carried out by Russian researchers in Krasnoyarsk, beginning in 1960s. NASA initiated its CELSS Program ca. 1980 with testing focused on controlled environment production of some plants. Related tests with humans and crops were conducted at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in the 1990s. The European Space Agency MELiSSA Project began in the late 1980s and pursued ecological approaches for providing gas, water and materials recycling for space life support, and later expanded to include plant testing.As a result of these and other (Japan, Canada, China) studies for space agriculture novel technologies and findings have been produced. The theme of agriculture for space has contributed to, and benefited from terrestrial, controlled environment agriculture and will continue doing so into the future. Keywords: Space, Agriculture for Space, Bioregenerative, Vertical Farming, Advanced Life-Support, Photosynthesis, Controlled Environment Agriculture, Algal production, Space crops, Waste recyclingБиблиография
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